Chipinda chotsukira chakudya chiyenera kukwaniritsa muyezo wa kalasi 100000 wa ukhondo wa mpweya. Kumanga chipinda chotsukira chakudya kungathandize kuchepetsa kuwonongeka ndi kukula kwa nkhungu ya zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa, kukulitsa nthawi yogwira ntchito ya chakudya, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito opangira.
1. Kodi chipinda choyera n’chiyani?
Chipinda choyera, chomwe chimatchedwanso chipinda choyera chopanda fumbi, chimatanthauza kuchotsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, mpweya woipa, mabakiteriya ndi zinthu zina zoipitsa mpweya m'malo enaake, ndipo kutentha kwa mkati, ukhondo, kuthamanga kwa mkati, liwiro la mpweya ndi kufalikira kwa mpweya, phokoso, kugwedezeka, kuwala, ndi magetsi osasinthasintha zimayendetsedwa mkati mwa zofunikira zinazake, ndipo chipinda chopangidwa mwapadera chimaperekedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, mosasamala kanthu momwe mpweya wakunja ungasinthire, mawonekedwe ake amkati amatha kusunga zofunikira zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa poyamba za ukhondo, kutentha, chinyezi ndi kupanikizika.
Kodi chipinda choyera cha kalasi 100000 ndi chiyani? Mwachidule, chiwerengero cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mainchesi a ≥0.5 μm pa kiyubiki mita imodzi ya mpweya mu workshop sichiposa 3.52 miliyoni. Chiwerengero cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono mumlengalenga chikachepa, fumbi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zimakhala zochepa, ndipo mpweya umakhala woyera. Chipinda choyera cha kalasi 100000 chimafunanso kuti workshop isinthane mpweya nthawi 15-19 pa ola limodzi, ndipo nthawi yoyeretsa mpweya ikatha kusinthana mpweya siyenera kupitirira mphindi 40.
2. Gawo la malo osungira chakudya
Kawirikawiri, chipinda chotsukira chakudya chingagawidwe m'magawo atatu: malo okonzera chakudya, malo othandizira oyeretsa, ndi malo oyera okonzera chakudya.
(1). Malo ochitira zinthu (malo osayera): zinthu zopangira zonse, zinthu zomalizidwa, malo osungira zida, malo osungiramo zinthu zomalizidwa ndi malo ena omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chochepa cha zinthu zopangira ndi zinthu zomalizidwa, monga chipinda chosungiramo zinthu zakunja, malo osungiramo zinthu zosaphika ndi zothandizira, malo osungiramo zinthu zopakidwa, chipinda chosungiramo zinthu zakunja, ndi zina zotero. Malo ochitira zinthu zopakidwa, malo osungiramo zinthu zomalizidwa, ndi zina zotero.
(2). Malo oyeretsera othandizira: Zofunikira zake ndi zachiwiri, monga kukonza zinthu zopangira, kukonza zinthu zopakira, kulongedza, chipinda chosungiramo zinthu (chipinda chotulutsira zinthu), chipinda chopangira zinthu ndi chokonzera zinthu, chipinda chosungiramo zinthu zomalizidwa mkati mwa chakudya chomwe sichinakonzedwe kudya ndi madera ena kumene zinthu zomalizidwa zimakonzedwa koma sizimawonekera mwachindunji.
(3). Malo oyeretsera: amatanthauza malo omwe ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri paukhondo, anthu ogwira ntchito komanso zofunikira pa chilengedwe, ndipo ayenera kutsukidwa ndi kusinthidwa asanalowe, monga: malo okonzera zinthu komwe zinthu zopangira ndi zinthu zomalizidwa zimaonekera, zipinda zozizira zopangira zakudya zodyedwa, ndi zipinda zoziziritsira zakudya zokonzeka kudya. Malo osungiramo zakudya zokonzeka kudya zopakidwa, chipinda chamkati chokonzera chakudya chokonzeka kudya, ndi zina zotero.
① Malo oyeretsera chakudya ayenera kupewa zinthu zoipitsa, kuipitsidwa, kusakaniza ndi zolakwika kwambiri panthawi yosankha malo, kapangidwe, kapangidwe, kumanga ndi kukonzanso.
②Malo ogwirira ntchito ku fakitale ndi aukhondo komanso okonzedwa bwino, ndipo kuyenda kwa anthu ndi zinthu zoyendera ndi koyenera.
③Payenera kukhala njira zoyenera zowongolera kulowa kuti anthu osaloledwa asalowe.
④Sungani deta yokhudza ntchito yomanga ndi kumaliza ntchito yomanga.
⑤ Nyumba zomwe zili ndi mpweya woipa kwambiri panthawi yopanga ziyenera kumangidwa kumbali ya mphepo yapansi panthaka komwe mphepo imalowera kwambiri chaka chonse.
⑥ Ngati njira zopangira zomwe zimakhudzana sizili zoyenera kukhala mnyumba imodzi, payenera kukhala njira zogwirira ntchito zogawa pakati pa malo opangira. Kupanga zinthu zofukiza kuyenera kukhala ndi malo apadera ophikira.
3. Zofunikira pa malo oyeretsera zinthu
① Njira zomwe zimafuna kusamalidwa koma sizingathe kuletsa kufalikira kwa matenda ndi njira zomwe zingathe kuletsa kufalikira kwa matenda koma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pambuyo pochotsa kufalikira kwa matenda ziyenera kuchitika m'malo oyera opangira zinthu.
② Malo oyeretsera zinthu oyera okhala ndi zofunikira pa malo abwino opangira zinthu ayenera kukhala ndi malo osungira ndi kukonza chakudya chowonongeka, zinthu zokonzeka kudyedwa kapena zinthu zomalizidwa zisanaziziritsidwe kapena kupakidwa, ndi malo okonzera zinthu zopangira zomwe sizingathe kutsukidwa, kutseka zinthu, ndi kukonza zinthu, malo owonekera pambuyo poyeretsa zinthu, malo okonzera zinthu mkati ndi chipinda chokonzera zinthu mkati, komanso malo okonzera zinthu ndi zipinda zowunikira kuti apange chakudya, kukonza mawonekedwe a chakudya kapena kusunga, ndi zina zotero.
Malo oyeretsera ayenera kukonzedwa bwino malinga ndi njira yopangira komanso zofunikira pa chipinda choyera. Kapangidwe ka mzere wopangira sayenera kuyambitsa kusinthasintha ndi kusagwirizana.
④ Malo osiyanasiyana ogwirira ntchito olumikizana m'dera lopangira ayenera kukwaniritsa zosowa za mitundu ndi njira zogwirira ntchito. Ngati pakufunika kutero, zipinda zosungiramo zinthu ndi njira zina zopewera kuipitsidwa ziyenera kuperekedwa. Malo a chipinda chosungiramo zinthu sayenera kuchepera mamita atatu.
⑤ Kukonza zinthu zopangira ndi kumaliza ntchito sikuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malo oyera omwewo.
⑥ Ikani pambali malo ndi malo mu malo opangira zinthu omwe ali oyenera kukula kwa zinthu zopangira ngati malo osungiramo zinthu kwakanthawi, zinthu zapakati, zinthu zoti ziwunikidwe ndi zinthu zomalizidwa, ndipo kusakaniza, chisokonezo ndi kuipitsidwa kuyenera kupewedwa mwamphamvu.
⑦Chipinda chowunikira chiyenera kukhazikitsidwa paokha, ndipo njira zoyenera ziyenera kutengedwa kuti zithetse utsi ndi madzi otuluka. Ngati pali zofunikira zoyeretsa mpweya pa ntchito yowunikira zinthu, benchi logwirira ntchito loyera liyenera kukhazikitsidwa.
4. Zofunikira pakuwonetsa ukhondo m'malo opangira chakudya
Malo opangira chakudya ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza chitetezo cha chakudya. Chifukwa chake, Food Partner Network yachita kafukufuku mkati mwa bungweli ndi kukambirana za zofunikira pakuwunika ukhondo wa mpweya m'malo opangira chakudya.
(1). Zofunikira pa ukhondo mu miyezo ndi malamulo
Pakadali pano, malamulo owunikira chilolezo chopanga zakumwa ndi mkaka ali ndi zofunikira pakuyeretsa mpweya wabwino m'malo oyera ogwirira ntchito. Malamulo Owunikira Chilolezo Chopanga Zakumwa (2017) amanena kuti kuyeretsa mpweya (tinthu tomwe timapachikidwa, mabakiteriya osungunuka) a malo oyera opangira madzi akumwa ayenera kufika pa kalasi 10000 pamene sagwira ntchito, ndipo gawo lodzaza liyenera kufika pa kalasi 1000, kapena kuyeretsa konse kuyenera kufika pa kalasi 1000; zakumwa za carbohydrate Malo oyera ogwirira ntchito ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumapitirira nthawi 10/ola; malo ogwirira ntchito oyeretsera zakumwa zolimba ali ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana pakuyeretsa mpweya kutengera mawonekedwe ndi zofunikira za njira zosiyanasiyana za zakumwa zolimba;
Mitundu ina ya malo oyeretsera zakumwa iyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zoyeretsera mpweya. Kuyeretsa mpweya pamene mpweya uli pamalo osasinthika kuyenera kufika pa zofunikira za kalasi 100000, monga kupanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa monga zakumwa zokhuthala (madzi, ma pulps) zamakampani azakudya, ndi zina zotero. Chofunika ichi chingachotsedwe.
Malamulo owunikira mwatsatanetsatane a zilolezo zopangira mkaka (mtundu wa 2010) ndi "National Food Safety Standard Good Manufacturing Practice for Dairy Products" (GB12693) amafuna kuti chiwerengero chonse cha mabakiteriya omwe ali mumlengalenga m'dera loyeretsera mkaka chiziyang'aniridwa pansi pa 30CFU/mbale, ndipo malamulo ofotokozerawo amafunanso kuti mabizinesi Apereke lipoti la pachaka la mayeso a ukhondo wa mpweya loperekedwa ndi bungwe loyenerera loyang'anira.
Mu "National Food Safety Standard General Hygienic Specifications for Food Production" (GB 14881-2013) ndi zina mwa zinthu zoyera zopangira zinthu, malo owunikira zitsanzo, zizindikiro zowunikira komanso kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'malo opangira zinthu zimawonetsedwa kwambiri m'njira zowonjezera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makampani opanga chakudya apereke malangizo owunikira.
Mwachitsanzo, "National Food Safety Standard and Hygienic Code for Beverage Production" (GB 12695) imalimbikitsa kuyeretsa mpweya wozungulira (kukhazikitsa mabakiteriya (Static)) ≤10 pieces/(φ90mm·0.5h).
(2). Zofunikira pakuwunika zizindikiro za ukhondo wosiyanasiyana
Malinga ndi zomwe zili pamwambapa, zikuwoneka kuti zofunikira pakuyeretsa mpweya munjira yokhazikika makamaka zimayang'ana malo opangidwa oyera. Malinga ndi GB14881 Implementation Guide: "Malo opangidwa oyera nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malo osungira ndi kukonza zakudya zisanaziziritsidwe kapena kupakidwa zakudya zowonongeka, zinthu zokonzeka kudyedwa kapena zinthu zomalizidwa, ndi malo opangira zinthu zopangira, kuumba ndi kudzaza zinthu za zakudya zosayera. Malo owonekera chakudya chisanalowe m'malo opakira pambuyo poyeretsa, ndi malo ena okonzera chakudya ndi kusamalira omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha kuipitsidwa."
Malamulo ndi miyezo yowunikira zakumwa ndi mkaka imafuna kuti zizindikiro zowunikira mpweya wozungulira ziphatikizepo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timachotsedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo ndikofunikira kuyang'anira nthawi zonse ngati ukhondo wa malo oyeretsera uli wofanana ndi muyezo. GB 12695 ndi GB 12693 zimafuna kuti mabakiteriya oyambitsa sedimentation ayezedwe molingana ndi njira yachilengedwe yoyambitsa sedimentation mu GB/T 18204.3.
"National Food Safety Standard Good Manufacturing Practice for Formula Foods for Special Medical Purposes" (GB 29923) ndi "Production Review Plan for Sports Nutritional Foods" zomwe zinaperekedwa ndi Beijing, Jiangsu ndi malo ena zimafotokoza kuti kuchuluka kwa fumbi (tinthu tomwe timapachikidwa) kumayesedwa motsatira GB/T 16292. Mkhalidwe wake ndi wosasinthasintha.
5. Kodi dongosolo loyeretsa chipinda limagwira ntchito bwanji?
Njira 1: Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya chipangizo choyendetsera mpweya + makina osefera mpweya + njira yoyeretsera mpweya m'chipinda ndi machubu oteteza mpweya + mabokosi a HEPA + njira yoyeretsera mpweya m'chipinda imazungulira ndikubwezeretsanso mpweya wabwino m'chipinda choyeretsera kuti pakhale ukhondo wofunikira wa malo opangira zinthu.
Njira yachiwiri: Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya FFU yoyeretsera mpweya wa mafakitale yomwe yayikidwa padenga la malo ochitirako ntchito yoyeretsa chipinda kuti ipereke mpweya mwachindunji kuchipinda choyera + makina obweza mpweya + choziziritsira mpweya chokwera padenga kuti chiziziritse. Fomu iyi nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene zofunikira pa ukhondo wa chilengedwe sizili zokwera kwambiri, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wotsika. Monga malo ochitirako ntchito zopangira chakudya, mapulojekiti wamba a labotale ndi mankhwala, zipinda zokonzera zinthu, malo ochitirako ntchito zodzoladzola, ndi zina zotero.
Kusankha mapangidwe osiyanasiyana a mpweya wopereka ndi makina obweza mpweya m'zipinda zoyera ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakudziwa kuchuluka kwa ukhondo m'zipinda zoyera.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-19-2023