Chipinda choyera chazakudya chiyenera kukwaniritsa kalasi ya 100000 yaukhondo wa mpweya. Kumanga chipinda choyera cha chakudya kumatha kuchepetsa kuwonongeka ndi kukula kwa nkhungu zomwe zimapangidwa, kuwonjezera moyo wabwino wa chakudya, ndikuwongolera kupanga bwino.
1. Kodi chipinda chaukhondo ndi chiyani?
Chipinda choyera, chomwe chimatchedwanso kuti chipinda choyera chopanda fumbi, chimatanthawuza kuchotsedwa kwa tinthu, mpweya wovulaza, mabakiteriya ndi zowononga zina mumlengalenga mkati mwa danga linalake, ndi kutentha kwa m'nyumba, ukhondo, kupanikizika kwa m'nyumba, kuthamanga kwa mpweya ndi kugawa kwa mpweya, phokoso, kugwedezeka, kuyatsa, ndi magetsi osasunthika amayendetsedwa mkati mwa zofunikira zina, ndipo chipinda chopangidwa mwapadera chimaperekedwa. Ndiko kunena kuti, ziribe kanthu momwe mpweya wakunja umasinthira, katundu wake wamkati akhoza kusunga zofunikira zoyamba zaukhondo, kutentha, chinyezi ndi kupanikizika.
Kodi chipinda choyera cha kalasi 100000 ndi chiyani? Kunena mwachidule, kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta ≥0.5 μm pa kiyubiki mita imodzi ya mpweya mu msonkhano sikuposa 3.52 miliyoni. Kuchepa kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono mumpweya, kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa fumbi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, komanso mpweya woyeretsa. Kalasi ya 100000 chipinda choyera chimafunanso kuti msonkhanowo usinthe nthawi 15-19 pa ola limodzi, ndipo nthawi yoyeretsa mpweya pambuyo pa kusinthana kwa mpweya sayenera kupitirira mphindi 40.
2. Kugawira chakudya m'chipinda choyera
Nthawi zambiri, chipinda choyeretsera chakudya chikhoza kugawidwa m'magawo atatu: malo opangirako, malo oyeretsa othandizira, ndi malo opangirako ukhondo.
(1). General kupanga m'dera (malo osakhala oyera): zopangira zonse, zomalizidwa, malo osungira zida, m'matumba omalizidwa kutengerapo katundu ndi madera ena omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chochepa cha kukhudzana ndi zopangira ndi zinthu zomalizidwa, monga chipinda chosungiramo zinthu zakunja, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zopangira zinthu, nyumba yosungiramo katundu, chipinda chosungiramo katundu, etc. Malo osungiramo katundu, etc. Malo osungiramo katundu, etc.
(2). Malo oyeretsa othandizira: Zofunikira ndi zachiwiri, monga kukonza zinthu zopangira, kuyika zinthu, kuyika, chipinda chosungiramo zinthu (chipinda chotsegulira), chipinda chopangira ndi kukonza, chipinda chosakonzekera kudya chamkati ndi madera ena omwe zinthu zomalizidwa zimakonzedwa koma osawonekera mwachindunji.
(3). Malo opangira ukhondo: amatanthauza malo omwe ali ndi ukhondo wapamwamba kwambiri, ogwira ntchito zapamwamba komanso zofunikira zachilengedwe, ndipo amayenera kutetezedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikusinthidwa asanalowe, monga: malo opangira zinthu zomwe zida ndi zomalizidwa zimawululidwa, zipinda zozizira zopangira zakudya zodyedwa, ndi zipinda zozizirirako zakudya zomwe zakonzeka kudya. Chipinda chosungiramo chakudya chokonzekera kuikidwa, chipinda chamkati chosungiramo chakudya chokonzekera kudya, ndi zina.
① Chipinda choyera cha chakudya chiyenera kupewa kuwononga malo, kuipitsidwa, kusakanizikana ndi zolakwika kwambiri pakusankha malo, kupanga, masanjidwe, kumanga ndi kukonzanso.
②Malo a fakitale ndi aukhondo komanso mwaudongo, ndipo mayendedwe a anthu ndi momwe zinthu ziliri ndi zomveka.
③Payenera kukhala njira zowongolera zolowera kuti anthu osaloledwa alowemo.
④Sungani deta yomaliza yomanga ndi kumanga.
⑤ Nyumba zomwe zili ndi mpweya woipa kwambiri panthawi yopangira ntchito ziyenera kumangidwa pamphepete mwa nyanja ya fakitale kumene mphepo ikuwomba kwambiri chaka chonse.
⑥ Pamene njira zopangira zomwe zimakhudzana sizili zoyenera kukhala mnyumba imodzi, payenera kukhala njira zogawanitsa bwino pakati pa madera opangira. Kupanga zinthu zotupitsa kuyenera kukhala ndi msonkhano wodzipereka wowotchera.
3. Zofunikira m'malo opangira ukhondo
① Njira zomwe zimafunikira sterility koma sizingakhazikitse njira zotsekereza zomaliza ndi njira zomwe zimatha kukwaniritsa zoletsa koma zimayendetsedwa mwachisawawa pambuyo poyezetsa ziyenera kuchitidwa m'malo opangira ukhondo.
② Malo opangira ukhondo omwe ali ndi malo abwino opangira ukhondo ayenera kukhala ndi malo osungira ndi kukonza chakudya chowonongeka, zinthu zomwe zatha kale kapena zomalizidwa zisanazizidwe komaliza kapena kulongedza, ndi malo okonzeratu zinthu zomwe sizingavute, kusindikiza zinthu, ndi kuumba malo, malo owonekera pambuyo ponyamula katundu womaliza, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale. chipinda cholongedza katundu, komanso malo opangirako ndi zipinda zoyendera zopangira chakudya, kuwongolera mawonekedwe a chakudya kapena kusunga, etc.
③Malo opangira ukhondo akuyenera kukonzedwa molingana ndi momwe amapangira komanso zofunikira zachipinda choyera. Mapangidwe a mzere wopanga sayenera kuyambitsa ma crossovers ndi discontinuities.
④ Misonkhano yolumikizana yosiyana m'malo opangira zinthu iyenera kukwaniritsa zosowa zamitundu ndi njira. Ngati ndi kotheka, zipinda zosungiramo chitetezo ndi njira zina zopewera kuipitsidwa ziyenera kuperekedwa. Dera la chipinda cha buffer sayenera kuchepera 3 masikweya mita.
⑤ Zopangira zopangira zisanachitike komanso zomaliza siziyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malo oyera omwewo.
⑥ Ikani pambali malo ndi malo ochitira msonkhano omwe ali oyenera kupanga ngati malo osakhalitsa osungira zinthu, zinthu zapakatikati, zinthu zomwe ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndikumalizidwa, ndikudutsa, chisokonezo ndi kuipitsidwa ziyenera kupewedwa.
⑦ Chipinda choyendera chiyenera kukhazikitsidwa palokha, ndipo njira zoyenera ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti zithetse utsi wake ndi ngalande zake. Ngati pali zofunikira zaukhondo wa mpweya pakuwunika kwazinthu, benchi yoyera iyenera kukhazikitsidwa.
4. Zofunikira pazizindikiro zaukhondo m'malo opangira chakudya
Malo opangira chakudya ndi chinthu chofunikira chomwe chimakhudza chitetezo cha chakudya. Chifukwa chake, Food Partner Network idachita kafukufuku ndi kukambirana mkati mwazofunikira zowunikira ukhondo wa mpweya m'malo opangira chakudya.
(1). Zofunikira zaukhondo pamiyezo ndi malamulo
Pakadali pano, malamulo owunikira ziphaso zopangira zakumwa ndi mkaka ali ndi zofunikira zaukhondo wamlengalenga m'malo ogwirira ntchito oyera. Malamulo a License Production License Review (2017 version) amanena kuti ukhondo wa mpweya (tinthu ting'onoting'ono, mabakiteriya a sedimentation) a malo opangira madzi akumwa amayenera kufika m'kalasi 10000 pamene static, ndipo gawo lodzaza liyenera kufika kalasi 100, kapena ukhondo wonse uyenera kufika kalasi 1000; zakumwa zama carbohydrate Malo ogwirira ntchito oyera ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti ma frequency a mpweya ndi oposa 10 pa / h; malo opangira zakumwa zolimba ali ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana zaukhondo wa mpweya kutengera mawonekedwe ndi zofunikira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zakumwa zolimba;
Mitundu ina ya malo oyeretsera zakumwa iyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zaukhondo wa mpweya. The mpweya ukhondo pamene malo amodzi ayenera kufika osachepera kalasi 100000 zofunika, monga kupanga mankhwala osalunjika kumwa monga anaikira zamadzimadzi (madzimadzi, zamkati) kwa makampani chakudya, etc. Mfundo imeneyi mwina waived.
Malamulo owunikiranso mwatsatanetsatane za chilolezo chopangira mkaka (mtundu wa 2010) ndi "National Food Safety Standard Good Manufacturing Practice for Dairy Products" (GB12693) amafuna kuti chiwerengero chonse cha mabakiteriya omwe ali mumlengalenga m'malo oyeretsera mkaka chiziwongoleredwa pansipa 30CFU/mbale, komanso kuti lipoti laukhondo lapachaka liperekedwe ndi mayeso a airprise. oyenerera bungwe loyendera.
Mu "National Food Safety Standard General Hygienic Specifications for Food Production" (GB 14881-2013) ndi zina mwaukhondo wopanga zinthu, malo owunikira, zowunikira komanso kuwunika pafupipafupi kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono m'malo opangirako zinthu zimawonetsedwa makamaka m'magawo owonjezera, omwe amapereka makampani oyang'anira zakudya.
Mwachitsanzo, "National Food Safety Standard and Hygienic Code for Beverage Production" (GB 12695) imalimbikitsa kuyeretsa mpweya wozungulira (kukhazikitsa mabakiteriya (Static)) ≤10 zidutswa / (φ90mm · 0.5h).
(2). Zofunikira pakuwunika zizindikiro zaukhondo wosiyanasiyana
Malinga ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, zitha kuwoneka kuti zofunikira paukhondo wa mpweya munjira yokhazikika zimangoyang'ana kwambiri malo opangira ukhondo. Malinga ndi GB14881 Implementation Guide: "Madera opangira zinthu zoyera nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza malo osungira ndi okonzeratu musanazizire komaliza kapena kulongedza zakudya zomwe zimawonongeka, zokonzeka kudya zomwe zatha kapena zomalizidwa, komanso zopangira zisanachitike, kuumba ndi malo odzaza zinthu zazakudya zosabala. malo omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu choyipitsidwa. ”
Malamulo atsatanetsatane ndi miyezo yowunikiranso zakumwa ndi mkaka amafunikira kuti zizindikiro zoyang'anira mpweya zozungulira ziphatikizepo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayimitsidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ndipo ndikofunikira kuyang'anira nthawi zonse ngati ukhondo wa malo oyeretserako ukuyenda bwino. GB 12695 ndi GB 12693 zimafuna kuti mabakiteriya a sedimentation ayesedwe motsatira njira yachilengedwe ya sedimentation mu GB/T 18204.3.
"National Food Safety Standard Good Manufacturing Practice for Formula Foods for Special Medical Purposes" (GB 29923) ndi "Production Review Plan for Sports Nutritional Foods" yoperekedwa ndi Beijing, Jiangsu ndi malo ena imanena kuti chiwerengero cha fumbi (tinthu ting'onoting'ono) chimayesedwa molingana ndi GB / T 16292.
5. Kodi dongosolo la zipinda zoyera limagwira ntchito bwanji?
Njira 1: Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito mpweya woyendetsa mpweya + mpweya wosefera + mpweya woyeretsa m'chipinda ndi ma ducts otsekemera + mabokosi a HEPA + makina oyera obwerera m'chipinda chosungiramo mpweya amazungulira mosalekeza ndikubwezeretsanso mpweya wabwino m'chipinda chosungiramo zinthu zoyera kuti akwaniritse ukhondo wofunikira wa chilengedwe.
Njira 2: Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya FFU mafakitale oyeretsa mpweya woyikidwa padenga la malo ochitiramo ukhondo kuti azipereka mpweya mwachindunji kuchipinda choyera + mpweya wobwerera + mpweya wokwera padenga kuti uzizizira. Fomu iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamene zofunikira za ukhondo wa chilengedwe sizokwera kwambiri, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wotsika kwambiri. Monga zokambirana zopangira chakudya, mapulojekiti wamba a labotale amthupi ndi mankhwala, zipinda zonyamula katundu, zokambirana zopanga zodzoladzola, ndi zina.
Kusankhidwa kwa mapangidwe osiyanasiyana a mpweya ndi mpweya wobwerera m'zipinda zoyera ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pozindikira ukhondo wa zipinda zoyera.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-19-2023