Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu kapena kafukufuku wasayansi, chipinda choyera ndi malo olamulidwa omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kochepa kwa zoipitsa monga fumbi, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda touluka, tinthu ta aerosol, ndi nthunzi ya mankhwala. Kunena zoona, chipinda choyera chimakhala ndi kuchuluka kolamulidwa kwa kuipitsidwa komwe kumafotokozedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa tinthu pa mita imodzi ya kiyubiki pa kukula kwa tinthu tinatake. Mpweya wozungulira kunja kwa mzinda nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi tinthu 35,000,000 pa mita imodzi ya kiyubiki, 0.5 micron ndi kukula kwake, kofanana ndi chipinda choyera cha ISO 9 chomwe chili pamlingo wotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi miyezo yoyera ya chipinda.
Chidule cha Chipinda Choyera
Zipinda zoyera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi m'mafakitale onse komwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono tingasokoneze kwambiri njira yopangira. Zimasiyana kukula ndi zovuta, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale monga kupanga zinthu za semiconductor, mankhwala, biotech, zida zamankhwala ndi sayansi ya moyo, komanso kupanga zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimapezeka mu ndege, kuwala, asilikali ndi dipatimenti ya mphamvu.
Chipinda choyera ndi malo aliwonse okhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zichepetse kuipitsidwa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikuwongolera zinthu zina zachilengedwe monga kutentha, chinyezi ndi kupanikizika. Gawo lofunika kwambiri ndi fyuluta ya High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwira tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi kukula kwa 0.3 micron ndi zazikulu. Mpweya wonse woperekedwa kuchipinda choyera umadutsa mu zosefera za HEPA, ndipo nthawi zina pamene kuyeretsa koyenera ndikofunikira, zosefera za Ultra Low Particulate Air (ULPA) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Antchito osankhidwa kuti azigwira ntchito m'zipinda zoyera amaphunzitsidwa kwambiri za chiphunzitso choletsa kuipitsidwa. Amalowa ndi kutuluka m'chipinda choyera kudzera m'malo otsekedwa ndi mpweya, shawa ndi/kapena zipinda zogulitsira zovala, ndipo ayenera kuvala zovala zapadera zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zigwire zinthu zodetsa zomwe zimapangidwa mwachilengedwe ndi khungu ndi thupi.
Kutengera ndi gulu la chipinda kapena ntchito yake, zovala za ogwira ntchito zitha kukhala zochepa monga majasi a labu ndi maukonde a tsitsi, kapena zambiri monga momwe zimakhalira ndi masuti a kalulu ambiri okhala ndi zida zopumira zokha.
Zovala zoyera za m'chipinda zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa zinthu kuti zisatuluke m'thupi la wovala ndikuipitsa chilengedwe. Zovala zoyera za m'chipinda zokha siziyenera kutulutsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena ulusi kuti zisaipitse chilengedwe ndi ogwira ntchito. Mtundu uwu wa kuipitsidwa kwa ogwira ntchito ukhoza kuchepetsa magwiridwe antchito a mankhwala m'mafakitale opanga zinthu za semiconductor ndi mankhwala ndipo ukhoza kuyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana pakati pa ogwira ntchito zachipatala ndi odwala m'makampani azaumoyo mwachitsanzo.
Zovala zoyera za chipinda zimaphatikizapo nsapato, nsapato, ma apuloni, zophimba ndevu, zipewa za bouffant, zophimba nkhope, zophimba nkhope, ma jekete/ma labu, ma gown, magolovesi ndi machira a zala, ma hairnet, ma hood, manja ndi zophimba nsapato. Mtundu wa zovala zoyera za chipinda zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito uyenera kuwonetsa chipinda choyera ndi zomwe zatchulidwa. Zipinda zoyera zochepa zimangofuna nsapato zapadera zokhala ndi mapazi osalala omwe samayenda fumbi kapena dothi. Komabe, pansi pa nsapato siziyenera kuyambitsa ngozi chifukwa chitetezo nthawi zonse chimakhala chofunikira. Suti yoyera ya chipinda nthawi zambiri imafunika polowa m'chipinda choyera. Zipinda zoyera za kalasi 10,000 zingagwiritse ntchito zovala zosavuta, zophimba mutu, ndi nsapato. Pa zipinda zoyera za kalasi 10, njira zovalira zovala mosamala zokhala ndi zophimba zonse, nsapato, magolovesi ndi chopumira chokwanira ndizofunikira.
Mfundo Zoyendetsera Mpweya Waukhondo M'chipinda
Zipinda zoyera zimasunga mpweya wopanda tinthu tating'onoting'ono pogwiritsa ntchito zosefera za HEPA kapena ULPA pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyezera mpweya wa laminar kapena turbulent air flow. Njira zoyezera mpweya wa Laminar, kapena unidirectional, zimatsogolera mpweya wosefedwa pansi mumtsinje wokhazikika. Njira zoyezera mpweya wa Laminar nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa 100% ya denga kuti zisunge kuyenda kokhazikika kwa unidirectional. Njira zoyezera kuyenda kwa Laminar nthawi zambiri zimafotokozedwa m'malo ogwirira ntchito onyamulika (LF hoods), ndipo zimalamulidwa mu zipinda zoyera za ISO-1 kudzera mu ISO-4.
Kapangidwe koyenera ka chipinda choyera kumaphatikizapo njira yonse yogawa mpweya, kuphatikizapo zinthu zokwanira zobweza mpweya pansi pa madzi. Mu zipinda zoyenda molunjika, izi zikutanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wochepa pakhoma kuzungulira dera lonselo. Mu ntchito zoyenda mopingasa, zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wobwerera pansi pa madzi. Kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wobwerera pamwamba pa denga kumatsutsana ndi kapangidwe koyenera ka chipinda choyera.
Magulu Oyera a Zipinda
Zipinda zoyera zimagawidwa m'magulu potengera momwe mpweya ulili woyera. Mu Federal Standard 209 (A mpaka D) ya ku USA, chiwerengero cha tinthu tofanana ndi toposa 0.5µm chimayesedwa mu cubic foot imodzi ya mpweya, ndipo chiwerengerochi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawa chipinda choyera. Dzina la metric ili likuvomerezedwanso mu mtundu waposachedwa wa 209E wa Standard. Federal Standard 209E imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dziko muno. Muyezo watsopano ndi TC 209 kuchokera ku International Standards Organisation. Miyezo yonse iwiri imagawa chipinda choyera potengera chiwerengero cha tinthu tomwe timapezeka mumlengalenga wa labotale. Miyezo yogawa chipinda choyera FS 209E ndi ISO 14644-1 imafuna muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa tinthu ndi kuwerengera kuti igawane kuchuluka kwa ukhondo wa chipinda choyera kapena malo oyera. Ku UK, British Standard 5295 imagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawa zipinda zoyera. Muyezo uwu watsala pang'ono kulowedwa m'malo ndi BS EN ISO 14644-1.
Zipinda zoyera zimagawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi kuchuluka ndi kukula kwa tinthu tomwe timaloledwa pa voliyumu ya mpweya. Manambala akuluakulu monga "kalasi 100" kapena "kalasi 1000" amatanthauza FED_STD-209E, ndipo amatanthauza kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timaloledwa kukula kwa 0.5 µm kapena kuposerapo pa kiyubiki ya mpweya. Muyezowu umalolanso kulowetsedwa, kotero n'zotheka kufotokoza mwachitsanzo "kalasi 2000."
Manambala ang'onoang'ono amatanthauza miyezo ya ISO 14644-1, yomwe imatchula logarithm ya decimal ya chiwerengero cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili 0.1 µm kapena kuposerapo chololedwa pa kiyubiki mita imodzi ya mpweya. Mwachitsanzo, chipinda choyera cha ISO class 5 chili ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tosapitirira 105 = 100,000 pa m³.
FS 209E ndi ISO 14644-1 zonse zimasonyeza ubale pakati pa kukula kwa tinthu ndi kuchuluka kwa tinthu. Pachifukwa ichi, palibe kuchuluka kwa tinthu. Mpweya wamba wa m'chipinda uli pafupifupi kalasi 1,000,000 kapena ISO 9.
Miyezo ya Chipinda Choyera cha ISO 14644-1
| Kalasi | Tinthu tambirimbiri/m3 | FED STD 209EEequivalent | |||||
| >=0.1 µm | >=0.2 µm | >=0.3 µm | >=0.5 µm | >=1 µm | >=5 µm | ||
| ISO 1 | 10 | 2 | |||||
| ISO 2 | 100 | 24 | 10 | 4 | |||
| ISO 3 | 1,000 | 237 | 102 | 35 | 8 | Kalasi 1 | |
| ISO 4 | 10,000 | 2,370 | 1,020 | 352 | 83 | Kalasi 10 | |
| ISO 5 | 100,000 | 23,700 | 10,200 | 3,520 | 832 | 29 | Kalasi 100 |
| ISO 6 | 1,000,000 | 237,000 | 102,000 | 35,200 | 8,320 | 293 | Kalasi 1,000 |
| ISO 7 | 352,000 | 83,200 | 2,930 | Kalasi 10,000 | |||
| ISO 8 | 3,520,000 | 832,000 | 29,300 | Kalasi 100,000 | |||
| ISO 9 | 35,200,000 | 8,320,000 | 293,000 | Mpweya wa Chipinda | |||
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-29-2023