Chipinda choyera chiyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo ya International Organisation of Standardization (ISO) kuti chikhale m'gulu. ISO, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1947, idakhazikitsidwa kuti igwiritse ntchito miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi pazinthu zovuta za kafukufuku wasayansi ndi machitidwe abizinesi, monga kugwira ntchito ndi mankhwala, zinthu zosinthasintha, ndi zida zovuta. Ngakhale bungweli lidapangidwa mwakufuna kwawo, miyezo yomwe idakhazikitsidwa yakhazikitsa mfundo zoyambira zomwe mabungwe padziko lonse lapansi amalemekeza. Masiku ano, ISO ili ndi miyezo yoposa 20,000 yomwe makampani angagwiritse ntchito ngati chitsogozo.
Chipinda choyamba choyera chinapangidwa ndi kupangidwa ndi Willis Whitfield mu 1960. Kapangidwe ndi cholinga cha chipinda choyera ndikuteteza njira zake ndi zomwe zili mkati mwake ku zinthu zina zakunja. Anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chipindacho ndi zinthu zomwe zayesedwa kapena zomangidwa mmenemo zingalepheretse chipinda choyera kukwaniritsa miyezo yake ya ukhondo. Kuwongolera kwapadera kumafunika kuti zinthu zovutazi zithetsedwe momwe zingathere.
Kugawa chipinda choyera kumayesa kuchuluka kwa ukhondo powerengera kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono pa voliyumu iliyonse ya mpweya. Mayunitsi amayamba pa ISO 1 ndikupita ku ISO 9, pomwe ISO 1 ndiye ukhondo wapamwamba kwambiri pomwe ISO 9 ndiye wodetsedwa kwambiri. Zipinda zambiri zoyera zimakhala mu ISO 7 kapena 8.
Miyezo Yoyimira Padziko Lonse ya Bungwe Lapadziko Lonse
| Kalasi | Tinthu tambirimbiri/m3 | FED STD 209E Chofanana | |||||
| >=0.1 µm | >=0.2 µm | >=0.3 µm | >=0.5 µm | >=1 µm | >=5 µm | ||
| ISO 1 | 10 | 2 | |||||
| ISO 2 | 100 | 24 | 10 | 4 | |||
| ISO 3 | 1,000 | 237 | 102 | 35 | 8 | Kalasi 1 | |
| ISO 4 | 10,000 | 2,370 | 1,020 | 352 | 83 | Kalasi 10 | |
| ISO 5 | 100,000 | 23,700 | 10,200 | 3,520 | 832 | 29 | Kalasi 100 |
| ISO 6 | 1,000,000 | 237,000 | 102,000 | 35,200 | 8,320 | 293 | Kalasi 1,000 |
| ISO 7 | 352,000 | 83,200 | 2,930 | Kalasi 10,000 | |||
| ISO 8 | 3,520,000 | 832,000 | 29,300 | Kalasi 100,000 | |||
| ISO 9 | 35,200,000 | 8,320,000 | 293,000 | Mpweya wa Chipinda | |||
Miyezo ya Federal 209 E - Magulu a Miyezo Yoyera ya Zipinda
| Tinthu tambirimbiri/m3 | |||||
| Kalasi | >=0.5 µm | >=1 µm | >=5 µm | >=10 µm | >=25 µm |
| Kalasi 1 | 3,000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Kalasi 2 | 300,000 | 2,000 | 30 | ||
| Kalasi 3 | 1,000,000 | 20,000 | 4,000 | 300 | |
| Kalasi 4 | 20,000 | 40,000 | 4,000 | ||
Momwe mungasungire chipinda choyera
Popeza cholinga cha chipinda choyera ndi kuphunzira kapena kugwira ntchito pazinthu zofewa komanso zosalimba, sizikuwoneka kuti chinthu chodetsedwa chingaikidwe pamalo otere. Komabe, nthawi zonse pamakhala chiopsezo, ndipo njira ziyenera kutengedwa kuti zithetsedwe.
Pali zinthu ziwiri zomwe zingachepetse kugawa kwa chipinda choyera. Chinthu choyamba ndi anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chipindacho. Chinthu chachiwiri ndi zinthu kapena zipangizo zomwe zimabweretsedwamo. Mosasamala kanthu za kudzipereka kwa ogwira ntchito yoyera m'chipinda, zolakwika zimachitika. Anthu akafulumira, angaiwale kutsatira malamulo onse, kuvala zovala zosayenera, kapena kunyalanyaza mbali ina ya chisamaliro chaumwini.
Pofuna kuwongolera zinthuzi, makampani ali ndi zofunikira pa mtundu wa zovala zomwe antchito ayenera kuvala m'chipinda choyera, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi njira zofunika m'chipinda choyera. Zovala zachizolowezi za chipinda choyera zimaphatikizapo zophimba mapazi, zipewa kapena maukonde a tsitsi, kuvala maso, magolovesi ndi diresi. Miyezo yokhwima kwambiri imafotokoza kuvala masuti okhala ndi thupi lonse omwe ali ndi mpweya wokwanira womwe umalepheretsa wovalayo kuipitsa chipinda choyera ndi mpweya wake.
Mavuto osamalira chipinda choyera
Ubwino wa makina oyendera mpweya m'chipinda choyera ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri lokhudzana ndi kusunga chipinda choyera. Ngakhale chipinda choyera chapatsidwa kale gulu, gululo likhoza kusintha kapena kutayika konse ngati lili ndi makina osakwanira osefera mpweya. Dongosololi limadalira kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zosefera zomwe zimafunika komanso momwe mpweya umayendera bwino.
Chinthu chimodzi chofunikira kuganizira ndi mtengo, womwe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakusamalira chipinda choyera. Pokonzekera kumanga chipinda choyera pamlingo winawake, opanga ayenera kuganizira zinthu zingapo. Chinthu choyamba ndi chiwerengero cha zosefera zomwe zimafunika kuti mpweya wabwino ukhale wabwino m'chipindamo. Chinthu chachiwiri choyenera kuganizira ndi makina oziziritsira mpweya kuti atsimikizire kuti kutentha mkati mwa chipinda choyera kumakhalabe kokhazikika. Pomaliza, chinthu chachitatu ndi kapangidwe ka chipindacho. Nthawi zambiri, makampani amapempha chipinda choyera chomwe chili chachikulu kapena chocheperako kuposa chomwe akufuna. Chifukwa chake, kapangidwe ka chipinda choyera kayenera kufufuzidwa mosamala kuti kakwaniritse zofunikira zenizeni za momwe kagwiritsidwire ntchito.
Ndi mafakitale ati omwe amafunikira kugawa zipinda zoyera kwambiri?
Pamene ukadaulo ukupita patsogolo, pali zinthu zofunika kwambiri zokhudzana ndi kupanga zipangizo zaukadaulo. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu ndi kuwongolera zinthu zazing'ono zomwe zingasokoneze magwiridwe antchito a chipangizo chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
Kufunika koonekeratu kwa malo opanda kuipitsidwa ndi makampani opanga mankhwala komwe nthunzi kapena zoipitsa mpweya zingawononge kupanga mankhwala. Makampani omwe amapanga mabwalo ang'onoang'ono ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito zida zenizeni ayenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti kupanga ndi kusonkhanitsa kuli kotetezedwa. Awa ndi awiri okha mwa mafakitale ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zipinda zoyera. Ena ndi aerospace, optics, ndi nanotechnology. Zipangizo zaukadaulo zakhala zochepa komanso zomvera kwambiri kuposa kale lonse, ndichifukwa chake zipinda zoyera zipitiliza kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga ndi kupanga bwino.
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-29-2023