Makampani opanga zinthu zamagetsi:
Ndi chitukuko cha makompyuta, ma microelectronics ndi ukadaulo wazidziwitso, makampani opanga zamagetsi apita patsogolo mwachangu, ndipo ukadaulo wa zipinda zoyera nawonso wayendetsedwa. Nthawi yomweyo, zofunikira zapamwamba zaperekedwa kuti apange chipinda choyera. Kapangidwe ka chipinda choyera m'makampani opanga zamagetsi ndi ukadaulo wokwanira. Pokhapokha pomvetsetsa bwino mawonekedwe a chipinda choyera m'makampani opanga zamagetsi ndikupanga mapangidwe oyenera, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolakwika m'makampani opanga zamagetsi kungachepe ndipo magwiridwe antchito abwino apangidwe angawonjezeke.
Makhalidwe a chipinda choyera mumakampani opanga zamagetsi:
Zofunikira pa ukhondo ndi zapamwamba, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mpweya, kutentha, chinyezi, kusiyana kwa kuthamanga, ndi utsi wa zida zimayendetsedwa ngati pakufunika. Kuwala ndi liwiro la mpweya wa gawo la chipinda choyera zimayendetsedwa malinga ndi kapangidwe kapena zofunikira. Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu uwu wa chipinda choyera uli ndi zofunikira kwambiri pamagetsi osasunthika. Zofunikira za chinyezi ndizovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa magetsi osasunthika amapangidwa mosavuta mufakitale youma kwambiri, zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa kuphatikizana kwa CMOS. Nthawi zambiri, kutentha kwa fakitale yamagetsi kuyenera kuyendetsedwa pafupifupi 22°C, ndipo chinyezi chiyenera kuyendetsedwa pakati pa 50-60% (pali malamulo oyenera a kutentha ndi chinyezi cha chipinda chapadera choyera). Pakadali pano, magetsi osasunthika amatha kuchotsedwa bwino ndipo anthu amathanso kumva bwino. Ma workshop opanga ma chip, ma workshop oyeretsera ma circuit ndi ma workshop opanga ma disk ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chipinda choyera mumakampani opanga zamagetsi. Popeza zinthu zamagetsi zimakhala ndi zofunikira kwambiri pa malo oyeretsera mpweya ndi khalidwe panthawi yopanga ndi kupanga, zimayang'ana kwambiri kuwongolera tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi fumbi loyandama, komanso zimakhala ndi malamulo okhwima pa kutentha, chinyezi, kuchuluka kwa mpweya watsopano, phokoso, ndi zina zotero za chilengedwe.
1. Phokoso (lopanda kanthu) m'chipinda choyera cha kalasi 10,000 cha fakitale yopanga zamagetsi: siliyenera kupitirira 65dB (A).
2. Chiŵerengero chonse cha chipinda choyeretsera madzi choyimirira mu fakitale yopanga zamagetsi sichiyenera kukhala chochepera 60%, ndipo chipinda choyeretsera madzi choyimirira ...
3. Kusiyana kwa mphamvu yosasunthika pakati pa chipinda choyera ndi kunja kwa fakitale yopanga zamagetsi sikuyenera kukhala kochepera 10Pa, ndipo kusiyana kwa mphamvu yosasunthika pakati pa malo oyera ndi malo osayera okhala ndi mpweya wosiyanasiyana woyeretsa sikuyenera kukhala kochepera 5Pa.
4. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino m'chipinda choyera cha kalasi 10,000 cha makampani opanga zamagetsi kuyenera kutenga zinthu ziwiri zotsatirazi:
① Lipirani kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotuluka m'nyumba ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino wofunikira kuti mpweya wabwino ukhalebe m'nyumba.
② Onetsetsani kuti mpweya wabwino umaperekedwa m'chipinda choyera pa munthu aliyense pa ola limodzi osapitirira 40m3.
③ Chotenthetsera cha makina oyeretsera mpweya woyeretsa chipinda choyera m'makampani opanga zamagetsi chiyenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino komanso chitetezo chozimitsa magetsi kutentha kwambiri. Ngati chinyezi chikugwiritsidwa ntchito, chitetezo chopanda madzi chiyenera kukhazikitsidwa. M'malo ozizira, makina oyeretsera mpweya watsopano ayenera kukhala ndi njira zodzitetezera ku kuzizira. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya woyeretsa m'chipinda choyera kuyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zitatu izi: kuchuluka kwa mpweya woyeretsa kuti zitsimikizire kuchuluka kwa mpweya woyeretsa m'chipinda choyera cha fakitale yopanga zamagetsi; kuchuluka kwa mpweya woyeretsa m'chipinda choyera cha fakitale yamagetsi kumatsimikiziridwa malinga ndi kuwerengera kwa kutentha ndi chinyezi; kuchuluka kwa mpweya watsopano woperekedwa ku chipinda choyera cha fakitale yopanga zamagetsi.
Makampani opanga zinthu zachilengedwe:
Makhalidwe a mafakitale a biopharmaceutical:
1. Malo oyeretsera a biopharmaceutical samangokhala ndi zida zokwera mtengo, njira zovuta zopangira, zofunikira kwambiri kuti ukhondo ukhale wochepa komanso wosabala, komanso ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri pa ubwino wa ogwira ntchito yopanga.
2. Zoopsa zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha zamoyo zidzaonekera pakupanga, makamaka zoopsa za matenda, mabakiteriya akufa kapena maselo akufa ndi zigawo zina kapena kagayidwe kachakudya m'thupi la munthu ndi zamoyo zina, poizoni, kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zina, kuopsa kwa zinthu, kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zina, komanso zotsatira zachilengedwe.
Malo Oyera: Chipinda (malo) komwe tinthu ta fumbi ndi kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'chilengedwe ziyenera kulamulidwa. Kapangidwe ka nyumba yake, zida zake ndi momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito zimaletsa kulowa, kupanga ndi kusunga zinthu zoipitsa m'deralo.
Chitseko cha Airlock: Malo olekanitsidwa okhala ndi zitseko ziwiri kapena zingapo pakati pa zipinda ziwiri kapena zingapo (monga zipinda zomwe zili ndi ukhondo wosiyana). Cholinga chokhazikitsa chitseko cha airlock ndikulamulira kayendedwe ka mpweya pamene anthu kapena zipangizo zikulowa ndi kutuluka mu chitseko cha airlock. Chitseko cha airlock chimagawidwa m'magawo a airlock a ogwira ntchito ndi zitseko za airlock.
Makhalidwe oyambira a chipinda choyera cha mankhwala a biopharmaceuticals: tinthu ta fumbi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tiyenera kukhala zinthu zoyang'anira chilengedwe. Ukhondo wa malo opangira mankhwala umagawidwa m'magawo anayi: kalasi 100 yakomweko, kalasi 1000, kalasi 10000 ndi kalasi 30000 pansi pa maziko a kalasi 100 kapena kalasi 10000.
Kutentha kwa chipinda choyera: popanda zofunikira zapadera, pa madigiri 18 ~ 26, ndipo chinyezi chimayendetsedwa pa 45% ~ 65%. Kuwongolera kuipitsa kwa malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi a biopharmaceutical: kuwongolera magwero a kuipitsa, kuwongolera njira zofalitsira, ndi kuwongolera kuipitsidwa kwa madzi. Ukadaulo wofunikira wa mankhwala oyera m'chipinda makamaka ndikuwongolera fumbi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Monga choipitsa, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera chilengedwe cha chipinda choyera. Zoipitsa zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa mu zida ndi mapaipi m'dera loyera la chomera chamankhwala zimatha kuipitsa mwachindunji mankhwalawo, koma sizikhudza mayeso a ukhondo. Mlingo wa ukhondo siwoyenera kuzindikiritsa zinthu zakuthupi, zamankhwala, zowononga komanso zofunika kwambiri za tinthu tomwe timapachikidwa. Sizodziwika bwino ndi njira zopangira mankhwala, zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa ndi malo omwe zoipitsa zimasonkhana, komanso njira ndi miyezo yowunikira yochotsera zoipitsa.
Zochitika zotsatirazi ndizofala pakusintha kwa ukadaulo wa GMP pa zomera zamankhwala:
Chifukwa cha kusamvetsetsa bwino za kuzindikira kwa munthu payekha, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyera poletsa kuipitsa sikuli bwino, ndipo pomaliza pake mafakitale ena opanga mankhwala ayika ndalama zambiri pakusintha, koma ubwino wa mankhwala sunawongoleredwe kwambiri.
Kupanga ndi kumanga mafakitale opangira mankhwala oyera, kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa zida ndi malo m'mafakitale, ubwino wa zipangizo zopangira ndi zothandizira komanso zipangizo zomangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, komanso kusagwiritsa ntchito bwino njira zowongolera anthu oyera ndi malo oyera kudzakhudza ubwino wa malonda. Zifukwa zomwe zimakhudza ubwino wa malonda pa ntchito yomanga ndi zakuti pali mavuto mu mgwirizano wowongolera njira, ndipo pali zoopsa zobisika panthawi yokhazikitsa ndi kumanga, zomwe ndi izi:
① Khoma lamkati la njira yopumira mpweya ya makina oyeretsera mpweya si loyera, kulumikizana sikolimba, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotuluka ndi kwakukulu kwambiri;
② Kapangidwe ka chitsulo chamtundu wozungulira sikolimba, miyeso yotsekera pakati pa chipinda choyera ndi denga laukadaulo si yolondola, ndipo chitseko chotsekedwa sichili chopanda mpweya;
③ Ma profiles okongoletsedwa ndi mapaipi opangira zinthu amapanga ngodya zopanda kanthu ndipo fumbi limasonkhana m'chipinda choyera;
④ Malo ena sanamangidwe motsatira zofunikira pa kapangidwe kake ndipo sangakwaniritse zofunikira ndi malamulo oyenera;
⑤ Ubwino wa sealant yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito siili yofanana ndi yachizolowezi, yosavuta kugwa, ndikuwonongeka;
⑥ Mizere yachitsulo yochokera ku return ndi utsi imalumikizidwa, ndipo fumbi limalowa mu duct yochokera ku utsi;
⑦ Cholumikizira chamkati mwa khoma sichimapangidwa polumikiza mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri monga madzi oyeretsedwa ndi madzi obayira;
⑧ Valavu yowunikira njira yoyendetsera mpweya imalephera kugwira ntchito, ndipo mpweya wobwerera m'mbuyo umayambitsa kuipitsa mpweya;
⑨ Ubwino wa makina otulutsira madzi suli wokhazikika, ndipo chitoliro cha mapaipi ndi zowonjezera zake n'zosavuta kusonkhanitsa fumbi;
⑩ Kusintha kwa mphamvu ya chipinda choyera sikuvomerezeka ndipo sikukwaniritsa zofunikira pakupanga.
Makampani osindikizira ndi kulongedza:
Ndi chitukuko cha anthu, zinthu zosindikizidwa ndi makampani opaka ma CD nazonso zapita patsogolo. Zipangizo zazikulu zosindikizira zalowa m'chipinda choyera, zomwe zingathandize kwambiri kukweza mtundu wa zinthu zosindikizidwa ndikuwonjezera kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoyenera. Uku ndiko kuphatikiza kwabwino kwambiri kwa makampani oyeretsa ndi makampani osindikiza. Kusindikiza kumawonetsa kutentha ndi chinyezi cha chinthucho m'malo opaka ma sheya, kuchuluka kwa tinthu ta fumbi, ndipo kumachita gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamtundu wa chinthucho komanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoyenera. Makampani opaka ma CD amawonetsedwa makamaka mu kutentha ndi chinyezi cha malo opaka ma sheya, kuchuluka kwa tinthu ta fumbi mumlengalenga, komanso mtundu wa madzi mu ma sheya ndi ma sheya a mankhwala. Zachidziwikire, njira zoyendetsera ntchito za ogwira ntchito opanga ma sheya ndizofunikanso kwambiri.
Kupopera popanda fumbi ndi malo odziyimira pawokha opangira zinthu opangidwa ndi zitsulo, zomwe zimatha kusefa bwino kuipitsa mpweya woipa kupita ku zinthu ndikuchepetsa fumbi m'malo opopera ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili ndi vuto. Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wopanda fumbi kumawonjezera mawonekedwe a zinthu monga TV/kompyuta, chipolopolo cha foni yam'manja, DVD/VCD, sewero lamasewera, chojambulira makanema, kompyuta ya m'manja ya PDA, chipolopolo cha kamera, mawu, chowumitsira tsitsi, MD, zodzoladzola, zoseweretsa ndi zina zogwirira ntchito. Njira: malo ojambulira → kuchotsa fumbi pamanja → kuchotsa fumbi lamagetsi → kupopera pamanja/mwachindunji → malo owumitsa → malo ochiritsira utoto wa UV → malo ozizira → malo osindikizira pazenera → malo owunikira khalidwe → malo olandirira.
Kuti titsimikizire kuti malo osungiramo zakudya opanda fumbi amagwira ntchito bwino, tiyenera kutsimikizira kuti akukwaniritsa zofunikira izi:
① Kuchuluka kwa mpweya woperekedwa mu malo osungiramo chakudya opanda fumbi ndikokwanira kuchepetsa kapena kuthetsa kuipitsa komwe kumachitika m'nyumba.
② Mpweya womwe uli mu malo osungiramo chakudya opanda fumbi umatuluka m'malo oyera kupita kuderali popanda ukhondo wabwino, mpweya woipitsidwa umachepa, ndipo mpweya womwe umayenda pakhomo ndi m'nyumba yamkati ndi wolondola.
③ Mpweya wopezeka m'malo osungiramo chakudya opanda fumbi sudzawonjezera kwambiri kuipitsa kwa m'nyumba.
④ Momwe mpweya wamkati umayendera m'chipinda chosungiramo chakudya chopanda fumbi zingatsimikizire kuti palibe malo osungiramo zinthu zambiri m'chipinda chotsekedwa. Ngati chipinda choyera chikukwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zili pamwambapa, kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (ngati kuli kofunikira) kungayesedwe kuti kutsimikizire kuti chikukwaniritsa miyezo yoyera ya chipinda.
Makampani opangira ma CD a chakudya:
1. Mpweya ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotuluka: Ngati chipinda chili choyera movutikira, ndiye kuti mpweya wake ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya ziyenera kuyezedwa. Ngati chipinda chili choyera mbali imodzi, liwiro la mphepo yake liyenera kuyezedwa.
2. Kuwongolera mpweya pakati pa madera: Kuti mutsimikizire kuti njira yoyendera mpweya pakati pa madera ndi yolondola, kutanthauza kuti, imayenda kuchokera pamalo oyera kupita kudera losayera bwino, ndikofunikira kuyesa:
① Kusiyana kwa kuthamanga pakati pa dera lililonse ndi kolondola;
② Njira imene mpweya umalowera pakhomo kapena m'mabowo a pakhoma, pansi, ndi zina zotero ndi yolondola, kutanthauza kuti, umatuluka kuchokera pamalo oyera kupita kumalo opanda ukhondo wabwino.
3. Kuzindikira kutayikira kwa fyuluta: Fyuluta yogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ndi chimango chake chakunja ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti zoipitsa zomwe zayikidwa sizingadutse:
① Fyuluta yowonongeka;
② Mpata pakati pa fyuluta ndi chimango chake chakunja;
③ Zigawo zina za chipangizo chosefera ndi kulowa m'chipindamo.
4. Kuzindikira kutayikira kwa madzi: Kuyesa kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti zinthu zodetsa zomwe zapachikidwa sizilowa m'zida zomangira ndikulowa m'chipinda choyera.
5. Kuwongolera mpweya m'nyumba: Mtundu wa mayeso owongolera mpweya umadalira kapangidwe ka mpweya m'chipinda choyera - kaya ndi chozungulira kapena chozungulira. Ngati mpweya m'chipinda choyera uli wozungulira, ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti palibe malo m'chipindamo omwe mpweya sukwanira. Ngati ndi chipinda choyera chozungulira, ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti liwiro la mphepo ndi komwe mphepo ikupita kuchipinda chonse zikukwaniritsa zofunikira pa kapangidwe kake.
6. Kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: Ngati mayeso omwe ali pamwambapa akwaniritsa zofunikira, kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (ngati pakufunika) pamapeto pake zimayesedwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikukwaniritsa zofunikira zaukadaulo pa kapangidwe ka chipinda choyera.
7. Mayeso ena: Kuwonjezera pa mayeso oletsa kuipitsa omwe ali pamwambapa, mayeso amodzi kapena angapo otsatirawa nthawi zina ayenera kuchitidwa: kutentha; chinyezi; kutentha ndi mphamvu yozizira mkati; phokoso; kuunikira; kugwedezeka.
Makampani opangira ma CD a mankhwala:
1. Zofunikira pakuwongolera zachilengedwe:
① Perekani mulingo woyeretsera mpweya wofunikira popanga. Chiwerengero cha tinthu ta fumbi la mpweya ndi tizilombo tamoyo mu polojekiti yoyeretsera malo opakira ziyenera kuyesedwa ndi kulembedwa nthawi zonse. Kusiyana kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya pakati pa malo opakira okhala ndi milingo yosiyanasiyana kuyenera kusungidwa mkati mwa mtengo womwe watchulidwa.
② Kutentha ndi chinyezi cha polojekiti yoyeretsera ma CD ziyenera kugwirizana ndi zofunikira pakupanga kwake.
③ Malo opangira ma penicillin, mankhwala omwe amayambitsa ziwengo kwambiri komanso oletsa chotupa ayenera kukhala ndi makina odziyimira pawokha oziziritsira mpweya, ndipo mpweya wotulutsa utsi uyenera kuyeretsedwa.
④ Pa zipinda zomwe zimapanga fumbi, zipangizo zogwirira ntchito zosonkhanitsira fumbi ziyenera kuyikidwa kuti fumbi lisaipitsidwe ndi zinthu zina.
⑤ Pa zipinda zothandizira zopangira monga zosungiramo zinthu, zipangizo zopumira mpweya, kutentha ndi chinyezi ziyenera kugwirizana ndi zofunikira pakupanga ndi kulongedza mankhwala.
2. Kugawa malo aukhondo ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wopumira: Chipinda choyera chiyenera kuwongolera mosamala ukhondo wa mpweya, komanso magawo monga kutentha kwa chilengedwe, chinyezi, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino komanso kusiyana kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya.
① Mulingo woyeretsa ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wopumira wa malo opangira mankhwala ndi ma CD. Kuyeretsa mpweya wa polojekiti yoyeretsa ya malo opangira mankhwala ndi ma CD kumagawidwa m'magawo anayi: kalasi 100, kalasi 10,000, kalasi 100,000 ndi kalasi 300,000. Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa mpweya wopumira wa chipinda choyera, ndikofunikira kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa chinthu chilichonse ndikupeza mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri. Mwachizolowezi, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wopumira wa kalasi 100 ndi nthawi 300-400/h, kalasi 10,000 ndi nthawi 25-35/h, ndipo kalasi 100,000 ndi nthawi 15-20/h.
② Kugawa malo aukhondo a pulojekiti ya chipinda chotsukira cha malo osungiramo mankhwala. Kugawa malo enieni a ukhondo wa malo opangira mankhwala ndi malo osungiramo mankhwala kumadalira muyezo wa dziko lonse woyeretsa.
③ Kudziwa zinthu zina zokhudza chilengedwe pa polojekiti ya chipinda chotsukira cha malo okonzera zinthu.
④ Kutentha ndi chinyezi cha polojekiti ya chipinda chotsukira cha malo osungiramo zinthu. Kutentha ndi chinyezi cha chipinda chotsukira ziyenera kugwirizana ndi njira yopangira mankhwala. Kutentha: 20~23℃ (chilimwe) cha ukhondo wa kalasi 100 ndi kalasi 10,000, 24~26℃ cha ukhondo wa kalasi 100,000 ndi kalasi 300,000, 26~27℃ m'malo wamba. Ukhondo wa kalasi 100 ndi 10,000 ndi zipinda zopanda ukhondo. Chinyezi cha 45-50% (chilimwe) cha mankhwala oyeretsera, 50%~55% ya mankhwala olimba monga mapiritsi, 55%~65% ya jakisoni wamadzi ndi zakumwa zakumwa.
⑤ Yeretsani kuthamanga kwa mpweya m'chipinda kuti mukhale aukhondo m'nyumba, kuthamanga kwa mpweya wabwino kuyenera kusungidwa m'nyumba. Zipinda zoyera zomwe zimapanga fumbi, zinthu zovulaza, komanso zomwe zimapanga mankhwala a penicillin omwe amachititsa kuti munthu asamavutike kwambiri, kuipitsa mpweya wakunja kuyenera kupewedwa kapena kuthamanga kwa mpweya kosayenera kuyenera kusungidwa pakati pa madera. Kuthamanga kwa mpweya kosasunthika m'zipinda zomwe zili ndi ukhondo wosiyanasiyana. Kuthamanga kwa mpweya m'nyumba kuyenera kukhala kotetezeka, ndi kusiyana kwa 5Pa kuchokera ku chipinda chapafupi, ndipo kusiyana kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya kosasunthika pakati pa chipinda choyera ndi mlengalenga wakunja kuyenera kukhala kokulirapo kuposa 10Pa.
Makampani ogulitsa chakudya:
Chakudya ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu, ndipo matenda amachokera mkamwa, kotero chitetezo ndi ukhondo wa makampani azakudya zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku. Chitetezo ndi ukhondo wa chakudya ziyenera kulamulidwa m'mbali zitatu: choyamba, magwiridwe antchito okhazikika a ogwira ntchito yopanga; chachiwiri, kuwongolera kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe chakunja (malo ogwirira ntchito oyera ayenera kukhazikitsidwa. Chachitatu, komwe kugula zinthu kuyenera kukhala kopanda zinthu zovuta zopangira.
Malo ochitira ntchito yopangira chakudya amakonzedwa kuti agwirizane ndi ntchito yopangira, yokhala ndi kapangidwe koyenera komanso madzi oyenda bwino; pansi pa malo ochitira ntchito amamangidwa ndi zinthu zosaterera, zolimba, zosalowa madzi komanso zosagwira dzimbiri, ndipo ndi lathyathyathya, zopanda madzi ambiri, ndipo zimasungidwa zoyera; potulukira pa malo ochitira ntchito ndi malo otulutsira madzi ndi mpweya wolumikizana ndi dziko lakunja ali ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi makoswe, zotsutsana ndi ntchentche komanso zotsutsana ndi tizilombo. Makoma, denga, zitseko ndi mawindo mu malo ochitira ntchito ayenera kumangidwa ndi zinthu zopanda poizoni, zopepuka, zosalowa madzi, zosapsa ndi bowa, zosataya madzi komanso zosavuta kuyeretsa. Makona a makoma, ngodya zapansi ndi ngodya zapamwamba ziyenera kukhala ndi arc (radius yopindika siyenera kukhala yochepera 3cm). Matebulo ogwirira ntchito, malamba onyamulira, magalimoto onyamulira ndi zida mu malo ochitira ntchito ziyenera kupangidwa ndi zinthu zopanda poizoni, zosagwirizana ndi dzimbiri, zopanda dzimbiri, zosavuta kuyeretsa komanso zophera tizilombo, komanso zinthu zolimba. Zipangizo zokwanira zotsukira m'manja, zophera tizilombo komanso zowumitsa manja ziyenera kuyikidwa m'malo oyenera, ndipo mapopi ayenera kukhala osasinthidwa ndi manja. Malinga ndi zosowa za kukonza zinthu, payenera kukhala malo ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a nsapato, nsapato ndi mawilo pakhomo la malo ochitirako ntchito. Payenera kukhala chipinda chovalira cholumikizidwa ndi malo ochitirako ntchito. Malinga ndi zosowa za kukonza zinthu, zimbudzi ndi zipinda zosambira zolumikizidwa ndi malo ochitirako ntchito ziyeneranso kukhazikitsidwa.
Zipangizo zamagetsi:
Chipinda choyeretsera zinthu zamagetsi nthawi zambiri chimakhala choyenera zida zamagetsi, makompyuta, mafakitale a semiconductor, makampani oyendetsa magalimoto, makampani opanga ndege, photolithography, opanga makompyuta ang'onoang'ono ndi mafakitale ena. Kuwonjezera pa ukhondo wa mpweya, ndikofunikiranso kuonetsetsa kuti zofunikira pakuchotsa magetsi osasunthika zakwaniritsidwa. Izi ndi chiyambi cha msonkhano woyeretsa wopanda fumbi mumakampani opanga zamagetsi, pogwiritsa ntchito makampani amakono a LED ngati chitsanzo.
Kusanthula kwa polojekiti yokhazikitsa ndi kumanga kwa chipinda chotsukira cha LED: Mu kapangidwe kameneka, izi zikutanthauza kukhazikitsa malo ena otsukira opanda fumbi kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pokonza zinthu, ndipo ukhondo wake nthawi zambiri umakhala m'magulu a 1,000, kalasi 10,000 kapena kalasi 100,000. Kukhazikitsa malo otsukira a backlight screen makamaka kumaphatikizapo malo osindikizira, kusonkhanitsa ndi malo ena otsukira zinthu zotere, ndipo ukhondo wake nthawi zambiri umakhala m'magulu a 10,000 kapena kalasi 100,000. Zofunikira pa mpweya wamkati pakukhazikitsa malo otsukira a LED:
1. Zofunikira pa kutentha ndi chinyezi: Kutentha nthawi zambiri kumakhala 24±2℃, ndipo chinyezi ndi 55±5%.
2. Mpweya wabwino: Popeza pali anthu ambiri mu mtundu uwu wa malo ochitirako ntchito opanda fumbi, miyezo yapamwamba iyi iyenera kutengedwa motsatira mfundo izi: 10-30% ya kuchuluka kwa mpweya wonse wa malo ochitirako ntchito osakhala a mbali imodzi; kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino wofunikira kuti uchotse utsi wamkati ndikusunga mphamvu yamkati yabwino; onetsetsani kuti kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino wamkati pa munthu aliyense pa ola limodzi ndi ≥40m3/h.
3. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wokwanira. Kuti mukwaniritse ukhondo ndi kutentha ndi chinyezi bwino mu workshop ya chipinda choyera, pamafunika kuchuluka kwa mpweya wokwanira. Pa workshop ya mamita 300 masikweya mita yokhala ndi kutalika kwa denga la mamita 2.5, ngati ndi workshop ya chipinda choyera cha kalasi 10,000, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wokwanira kuyenera kukhala 300*2.5*30=22500m3/h (kuchuluka kwa mpweya wosintha ndi ≥25 nthawi/h); ngati ndi workshop ya chipinda choyera cha kalasi 100,000, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wokwanira kuyenera kukhala 300*2.5*20=15000m3/h (kuchuluka kwa mpweya wosintha ndi ≥15 nthawi/h).
Zachipatala ndi thanzi:
Ukadaulo woyera umatchedwanso ukadaulo wa chipinda choyera. Kuwonjezera pa kukwaniritsa zofunikira zachikhalidwe za kutentha ndi chinyezi m'zipinda zokhala ndi mpweya wozizira, malo osiyanasiyana opangira uinjiniya ndi ukadaulo komanso kasamalidwe kokhwima amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa tinthu ta m'nyumba, kuyenda kwa mpweya, kuthamanga, ndi zina zotero mkati mwa mtunda winawake. Chipinda chamtunduwu chimatchedwa chipinda choyera. Chipinda choyera chimamangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchipatala. Ndi chitukuko cha chisamaliro chamankhwala ndi thanzi komanso ukadaulo wapamwamba, ukadaulo woyera umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo azachipatala, ndipo zofunikira zaukadaulo pazokha ndizokwera. Zipinda zoyera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda zimagawidwa m'magulu atatu: zipinda zochitira opaleshoni zoyera, zipinda zosungira okalamba zoyera ndi ma laboratories oyera.
Chipinda chogwirira ntchito modular:
Chipinda chochitira opaleshoni chofanana chimatenga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nyumba ngati cholinga chowongolera, magawo ogwirira ntchito ndi zizindikiro zogawa, ndipo ukhondo wa mpweya ndi chitsimikizo chofunikira. Chipinda chochitira opaleshoni chofanana chingagawidwe m'magawo otsatirawa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ukhondo:
1. Chipinda chapadera chochitira opaleshoni: Ukhondo wa malo ochitira opaleshoni ndi kalasi 100, ndipo malo ozungulira ndi kalasi 1,000. Ndi yoyenera opaleshoni yopanda tizilombo monga kutentha, kusintha mafupa, kuyika ziwalo, opaleshoni ya ubongo, opaleshoni ya maso, opaleshoni ya pulasitiki ndi opaleshoni ya mtima.
2. Chipinda chochitira opaleshoni chozungulira: Ukhondo wa malo ochitira opaleshoni ndi kalasi 1000, ndipo malo ozungulira ndi kalasi 10,000. Ndi yoyenera opaleshoni yopanda majeremusi monga opaleshoni ya pachifuwa, opaleshoni ya pulasitiki, urology, opaleshoni ya chiwindi ndi kapamba, opaleshoni ya mafupa ndi kuchotsa mazira.
3. Chipinda chochitira opaleshoni chokhazikika: Ukhondo wa malo ochitira opaleshoni ndi kalasi 10,000, ndipo malo ozungulira ndi kalasi 100,000. Ndi yoyenera opaleshoni yonse, matenda a khungu ndi opaleshoni ya m'mimba.
4. Chipinda chochitira opaleshoni choyera bwino: Ukhondo wa mpweya ndi kalasi 100,000, woyenera kubereka, opaleshoni ya m'mimba ndi opaleshoni zina. Kuwonjezera pa ukhondo ndi kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya m'chipinda chochitira opaleshoni choyera, magawo oyenerera aukadaulo ayeneranso kutsatira malamulo oyenera. Onani tebulo lalikulu la magawo aukadaulo a zipinda pamlingo uliwonse mu dipatimenti yochitira opaleshoni yoyera. Kapangidwe ka chipinda chochitira opaleshoni choyera chiyenera kugawidwa m'magawo awiri: malo oyera ndi malo osayera malinga ndi zofunikira zonse. Chipinda chochitira opaleshoni ndi zipinda zogwirira ntchito zomwe zimatumikira mwachindunji chipinda chochitira opaleshoni ziyenera kukhala pamalo oyera. Anthu ndi zinthu zikadutsa m'malo osiyanasiyana aukhondo m'chipinda chochitira opaleshoni choyera, zotsekera mpweya, zipinda zosungiramo mpweya kapena bokosi lotumizira ziyenera kuyikidwa. Chipinda chochitira opaleshoni nthawi zambiri chimakhala pakati. Mtundu wa mkati ndi mawonekedwe a ngalande ziyenera kutsatira mfundo za kayendedwe ka ntchito komanso kulekanitsa bwino ukhondo ndi zonyansa.
Mitundu ingapo ya zipinda zosungiramo okalamba zoyera m'chipatala:
Malo osungira okalamba oyera amagawidwa m'magawo anayi malinga ndi chiopsezo cha chilengedwe: P1, P2, P3, ndi P4. Malo osungira okalamba a P1 ndi ofanana ndi malo osungira okalamba wamba, ndipo palibe choletsa chapadera kuti anthu akunja alowe ndi kutuluka; Malo osungira okalamba a P2 ndi okhwima kuposa malo osungira okalamba a P1, ndipo anthu akunja nthawi zambiri amaletsedwa kulowa ndi kutuluka; Malo osungira okalamba a P3 amalekanitsidwa ndi kunja ndi zitseko zolemera kapena zipinda zosungiramo zinthu, ndipo kupanikizika kwamkati kwa chipindacho ndi koipa; Malo osungira okalamba a P4 amalekanitsidwa ndi kunja ndi malo osungira okalamba, ndipo kupanikizika kwa mkati kumakhala kosalekeza pa 30Pa. Ogwira ntchito zachipatala amavala zovala zoteteza kuti apewe matenda. Malo osamalira odwala kwambiri ndi monga ICU (chipinda chosamalira odwala kwambiri), CCU (chipinda chosamalira odwala amtima), NICU (chipinda chosamalira ana asanakwane msinkhu), chipinda cha leukemia, ndi zina zotero. Kutentha kwa chipinda cha leukemia ndi 242, liwiro la mphepo ndi 0.15-0.3/m/s, chinyezi chili pansi pa 60%, ndipo ukhondo ndi kalasi 100. Nthawi yomweyo, mpweya woyera kwambiri womwe umaperekedwa uyenera kufika pamutu pa wodwalayo kaye, kuti malo opumira pakamwa ndi mphuno akhale mbali ya mpweya, ndipo kuyenda kopingasa kukhale bwino. Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya m'chipinda choyaka moto kukuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kuyenda kwa laminar molunjika kuli ndi ubwino woonekeratu kuposa chithandizo chotseguka, ndi liwiro la jakisoni wa laminar la 0.2m/s, kutentha kwa 28-34, ndi mulingo wa ukhondo wa kalasi 1000. Malo opumira ziwalo ndi osowa kwambiri ku China. Malo opumira amtunduwu ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri pa kutentha kwa mkati ndi chinyezi. Kutentha kumayendetsedwa pa 23-30℃, chinyezi ndi 40-60%, ndipo chipinda chilichonse chikhoza kusinthidwa malinga ndi zosowa za wodwalayo. Mulingo wa ukhondo umayendetsedwa pakati pa kalasi 10 ndi kalasi 10000, ndipo phokoso ndi lochepera 45dB (A). Ogwira ntchito omwe amalowa m'chipinda ayenera kuyeretsedwa monga kusintha zovala ndi kusamba, ndipo chipindacho chiyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zabwino.
Laboratory:
Ma laboratories amagawidwa m'ma laboratories wamba ndi ma laboratories achitetezo cha chilengedwe. Kuyesera komwe kumachitika m'ma laboratories wamba oyera sikumayambitsa matenda, koma chilengedwe chimayenera kuti chisakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa pa kuyesako. Chifukwa chake, palibe malo otetezera mu labotale, ndipo ukhondo uyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zoyeserera.
Laboratory ya chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi kuyesa kwachilengedwe komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito malo oteteza oyamba omwe angapeze chitetezo chachiwiri. Kuyesa konse kwasayansi m'magawo a microbiology, biomedicine, functional experiments, ndi gene recombination kumafuna ma laboratory a chitetezo cha chilengedwe. Pakati pa ma laboratory a chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi chitetezo, chomwe chimagawidwa m'magawo anayi: P1, P2, P3, ndi P4 malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ngozi yachilengedwe.
Ma laboratories a P1 ndi oyenera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda todziwika bwino, zomwe sizimayambitsa matenda nthawi zambiri mwa akuluakulu athanzi ndipo sizimayambitsa ngozi zambiri kwa ogwira ntchito zoyesera komanso chilengedwe. Chitseko chiyenera kutsekedwa panthawi yoyesera ndipo opaleshoniyo iyenera kuchitika malinga ndi zoyeserera wamba za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda; ma laboratories a P2 ndi oyenera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe tingawopseze pang'ono kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe. Kufika pamalo oyesera ndi koletsedwa. Zoyesera zomwe zingayambitse ma aerosol ziyenera kuchitika m'makabati a chitetezo cha chilengedwe a Gulu II, ndipo ma autoclaves ayenera kupezeka; ma laboratories a P3 amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo azachipatala, ofufuza, ophunzitsira, kapena opangira. Ntchito yokhudzana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timachokera m'thupi komanso tomwe timachokera kunja imachitika pamlingo uwu. Kuwonekera ndi kupuma kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kungayambitse matenda oopsa komanso oopsa. Laboratory ili ndi zitseko ziwiri kapena zotsekera mpweya ndi malo oyesera akunja. Osati antchito amaletsedwa kulowa. Laboratory ili ndi mphamvu yoipa kwambiri. Makabati a chitetezo cha chilengedwe a Gulu II amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesera. Zosefera za Hepa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusefa mpweya wamkati ndikuutulutsa kunja. Ma laboratories a P4 ali ndi zofunikira zolimba kuposa ma laboratories a P3. Majeremusi ena oopsa ochokera kunja ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha matenda opatsirana m'ma laboratories komanso matenda oopsa omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa mpweya. Ntchito yoyenera iyenera kuchitika m'ma laboratories a P4. Kapangidwe ka malo odzipatula okha m'nyumba ndi gawo lakunja kumatengedwa. Kupanikizika koipa kumasungidwa m'nyumba. Makabati a chitetezo cha chilengedwe a Gulu III amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesera. Zipangizo zogawa mpweya ndi zipinda zosambira zimayikidwa. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuvala zovala zoteteza. Osakhala antchito amaletsedwa kulowa. Cholinga chachikulu cha kapangidwe ka ma laboratories a chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi kudzipatula kwamphamvu, ndipo njira zotulutsira utsi ndizofunika kwambiri. Kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamalopo kumalimbikitsidwa, ndipo chisamaliro chimaperekedwa pakulekanitsa madzi oyera ndi odetsedwa kuti apewe kufalikira mwangozi. Ukhondo wapakati umafunika.
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-26-2024