Chipinda choyera ndi mtundu wapadera wa kuwongolera chilengedwe chomwe chimatha kuwongolera zinthu monga kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, chinyezi, kutentha ndi magetsi osasunthika m'mlengalenga kuti akwaniritse miyezo yaukhondo. Chipinda choyera chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale apamwamba kwambiri monga ma semiconductors, zamagetsi, zamankhwala, zandege, zakuthambo, ndi biomedicine.
1. Kapangidwe ka chipinda choyera
Zipinda zoyera zimaphatikizapo zipinda zoyera za mafakitale komanso zipinda zoyera ndi zachilengedwe. Zipinda zoyera zimakhala ndi zipinda zoyera, makina opangira zipinda zoyera, komanso njira zogawa zachiwiri.
Mulingo waukhondo wa mpweya
Mulingo wogawira kuchuluka kwa ndende kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kuposa kapena tofanana ndi kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timaganiziridwa pagawo la mpweya mu malo oyera. Pakhomo, zipinda zoyera zimayesedwa ndikuvomerezedwa m'malo opanda kanthu, osasunthika, komanso osinthika, molingana ndi "Zolemba Zopangira Malo Oyera" ndi "Zomangamanga Zoyera ndi Zovomerezeka".
Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za ukhondo
Kukhazikika kosalekeza kwa ukhondo ndi kuwongolera kuwononga chilengedwe ndiye muyeso wofunikira pakuyesa kulimba kwa chipinda chaukhondo. Muyezowu umagawidwa m'magulu angapo malinga ndi zinthu monga malo amdera komanso ukhondo. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso miyezo yamakampani am'deralo. Miyezo ya chilengedwe ya zipinda zoyera (magawo) amagawidwa m'kalasi 100, 1,000, 10,000, ndi 100,000.
2. Kuyeretsa chipinda
Class 100 chipinda choyera
Malo pafupifupi opanda fumbi okhala ndi tinthu tating'ono kwambiri mumlengalenga. Zida zam'nyumba ndi zapamwamba kwambiri ndipo ogwira ntchito amavala zovala zoyera zaukadaulo kuti azigwira ntchito.
Muyezo waukhondo: Kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi m'mimba mwake kuposa 0.5µm pa phazi limodzi la mpweya sikuyenera kupitilira 100, ndipo kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi m'mimba mwake wamkulu kuposa 0.1µm sikuyenera kupitirira 1000. Amanenedwanso kuti kuchuluka kwa fumbi komwe kumaloledwa pa mita kiyubiki (≥0.50μsμs) ndi 0.50μsμs 50μsμs, ndipo fumbi ≥0. zofunika kukhala 0.
Kuchuluka kwa ntchito: Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu zokhala ndi ukhondo wapamwamba kwambiri, monga mabwalo akuluakulu ophatikizika, zida zowoneka bwino kwambiri ndi njira zina zopangira. Minda iyi iyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti zinthuzo zimapangidwa m'malo opanda fumbi kuti tipewe kukhudzidwa kwa tinthu tating'ono pamtundu wazinthu.
Class 1,000 chipinda choyera
Poyerekeza ndi chipinda choyera cha kalasi 100, chiwerengero cha particles mumlengalenga chawonjezeka, koma chimakhalabe chochepa. Mapangidwe amkati ndi omveka ndipo zida zimayikidwa mwadongosolo.
Muyezo waukhondo: Kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ndi m'mimba mwake kuposa 0.5µm mu phazi lililonse la mpweya mu chipinda choyera cha kalasi 1000 sikuyenera kupitirira 1000, ndipo kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mainchesi kuposa 0.1µm sikuyenera kupitilira 10,000. Muyezo wa chipinda choyera cha Class 10,000 ndikuti kuchuluka kwa fumbi komwe kumaloledwa pa mita ya kiyubiki (≥0.5μm) ndi 350,000, ndipo kuchuluka kwa fumbi ≥5μm ndi 2,000.
Kuchuluka kwa ntchito: Kugwira ntchito kuzinthu zina zomwe zimafunikira paukhondo wapamlengalenga, monga kupanga ma lens owoneka ndi zida zazing'ono zamagetsi. Ngakhale zofunikira zaukhondo m'magawowa sizokwera kwambiri ngati zomwe zili m'chipinda choyera cha 100, ukhondo wina wa mpweya uyenera kusamalidwa kuti zitsimikizire mtundu wazinthu.
Zipinda 10,000 zoyera
Kuchuluka kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono mumlengalenga kumawonjezeka, koma kumatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira za njira zina ndi ukhondo wapakatikati. Malo okhala m'nyumba ndi aukhondo komanso mwaudongo, okhala ndi magetsi oyenera komanso mpweya wabwino.
Muyezo waukhondo: Kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi m'mimba mwake kuposa 0.5µm mu phazi lililonse la mpweya sikuyenera kupitilira tinthu 10,000, ndipo kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi m'mimba mwake kuposa 0.1µm sikuyenera kupitilira tinthu 100,000. Amanenedwanso kuti kuchuluka kwa fumbi la fumbi lololedwa pa mita ya kiyubiki (≥0.5μm) ndi 3,500,000, ndipo kuchuluka kwa fumbi ≥5μm ndi 60,000.
Kuchuluka kwa ntchito: Kugwira ntchito kunjira zina zokhala ndi ukhondo wapakatikati, monga mankhwala ndi kupanga zakudya. Minda imeneyi iyenera kukhala ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono komanso ukhondo wina wa mpweya kuti zitsimikizire ukhondo, chitetezo ndi kukhazikika kwa mankhwala.
Kalasi 100,000 chipinda choyera
Chiwerengero cha tinthu ting'onoting'ono mumlengalenga ndi chokulirapo, koma chikhoza kulamuliridwabe mkati mwazovomerezeka. Pakhoza kukhala zida zina zothandizira m'chipindamo kuti mukhale ndi ukhondo wa mpweya, monga oyeretsa mpweya, otolera fumbi, ndi zina zotero.
Muyezo waukhondo: Kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi m'mimba mwake kuposa 0.5µm mu phazi lililonse la mpweya sikuyenera kupitirira tinthu 100,000, ndipo kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi m'mimba mwake kuposa 0.1µm sikuyenera kupitilira tinthu 1,000,000. Amanenanso kuti kuchuluka kwa fumbi la fumbi lololedwa pa mita ya kiyubiki (≥0.5μm) ndi 10,500,000, ndipo kuchuluka kwa fumbi ≥5μm ndi 60,000.
Kuchuluka kwa ntchito: Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuzinthu zina zomwe zimakhala ndi ukhondo wochepa wa mpweya, monga zodzoladzola, njira zina zopangira zakudya, ndi zina zotero. Minda imeneyi ili ndi zofunikira zochepa pa ukhondo wa mpweya, komabe ziyenera kukhala zaukhondo kuti zisawononge tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
3. Kukula kwa msika wa zomangamanga zoyera ku China
Pakalipano, pali makampani ochepa ku China oyeretsa zipinda zoyera omwe ali otsogola paukadaulo komanso ali ndi mphamvu komanso luso lopanga ntchito zazikulu, ndipo pali makampani ang'onoang'ono ambiri. Makampani ang'onoang'ono alibe luso lochita bizinesi yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso mapulojekiti akuluakulu azipinda zoyera. Makampaniwa pakadali pano ali ndi malo ampikisano omwe ali ndi chidwi kwambiri pamsika waukadaulo wapamwamba wazipinda zoyera komanso msika wauinjiniya wocheperako wocheperako.
Zipinda zaukhondo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo mafakitale osiyanasiyana ali ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana zamagulu aukhondo. Kumanga zipinda zoyera kuyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi mafakitale komanso njira zopangira eni ake. Chifukwa chake, m'mapulojekiti okonza zipinda zoyera, makampani okhawo omwe ali ndi ukadaulo wotsogola, mphamvu zolimba, magwiridwe antchito odabwitsa a mbiri yakale komanso chithunzi chabwino amatha kupanga ntchito zazikulu m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.
Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1990, ndikukula kosalekeza kwa msika, makampani onse a chipinda choyera akukula pang'onopang'ono, teknoloji yamakampani opangira chipinda choyera yakhazikika, ndipo msika walowa nthawi yokhwima. Kukula kwa mafakitale a uinjiniya wachipinda choyera kumadalira kukula kwa mafakitale amagetsi, kupanga mankhwala ndi mafakitale ena. Ndi kusamutsidwa kwa mafakitale kwamakampani azidziwitso zamagetsi, kufunikira kwa zipinda zoyera m'maiko otukuka ku Europe ndi United States kudzachepa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo msika wawo wamakampani opanga zipinda zoyera udzasintha kuchoka pakukula mpaka kutsika.
Ndi kuzama kwa kusamutsidwa kwa mafakitale, chitukuko cha mafakitale a zamagetsi chasintha kwambiri kuchoka ku mayiko otukuka ku Ulaya ndi United States kupita ku Asia ndi mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene; panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndi kupititsa patsogolo kwachuma kwa mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, zofunikira pa thanzi lachipatala ndi chitetezo cha chakudya zawonjezeka, ndipo msika wapadziko lonse wauinjiniya wa zipinda zoyera wapitilirabe ku Asia. M'zaka zaposachedwa, mafakitale a IC semiconductor, optoelectronics, ndi photovoltaic mafakitale amagetsi apanga gulu lalikulu la mafakitale ku Asia, makamaka ku China.
Motsogozedwa ndi magetsi otsika, mankhwala, chithandizo chamankhwala, chakudya ndi mafakitale ena, gawo la msika waumisiri wachipinda choyera ku China pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi lawonjezeka kuchokera ku 19.2% mu 2010 mpaka 29.3% mu 2018. Pakali pano, msika waku China woyeretsa zipinda ukukula mwachangu. Mu 2017, kukula kwa msika wa zipinda zoyera ku China kudaposa 100 biliyoni kwa nthawi yoyamba; mu 2019, kukula kwa msika wa zipinda zoyera ku China kudafika 165.51 biliyoni ya yuan. Kukula kwa msika waumisiri wachipinda choyera m'dziko langa kwawonetsa kuwonjezeka kofananira chaka ndi chaka, komwe kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi dziko lapansi, ndipo gawo lonse la msika wapadziko lonse lapansi lawonetsa kuchulukirachulukira chaka ndi chaka, zomwe zikugwirizananso ndi kuwongolera kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zadziko lonse la China chaka ndi chaka.
"Mawu a 14th Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China ndi Zolinga Zakale za 2035" ikuyang'ana kwambiri mafakitale omwe akutukuka kumene monga ukadaulo wazidziwitso za m'badwo watsopano, biotechnology, mphamvu zatsopano, zida zapamwamba, magalimoto amagetsi atsopano, kuteteza zachilengedwe, zida zam'mlengalenga, ndi zina zambiri. core technologies, ndikufulumizitsa chitukuko cha mafakitale monga biomedicine, kuswana kwachilengedwe, biomatadium, ndi bioenergy. M'tsogolomu, kukula kwachangu kwa mafakitale apamwamba omwe ali pamwambawa kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa msika wa zipinda zoyera. Akuti kukula kwa msika wa zipinda zoyera ku China akuyembekezeka kufika 358.65 biliyoni pofika 2026, ndipo afika pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha 15.01% pakukula kwapakati pachaka kuyambira 2016 mpaka 2026.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-24-2025