Intensive care unit (ICU) ndi malo ofunikira operekera chithandizo chamankhwala kwa odwala omwe akudwala kwambiri. Ambiri mwa odwala omwe amavomerezedwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi chitetezo chochepa komanso amatha kutenga matenda, ndipo amatha kunyamula mabakiteriya ndi ma virus. Ngati pali mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda yomwe ikuyandama mumlengalenga ndipo ndende yake ili yochuluka, chiopsezo chotenga matenda opatsirana chimakhala chachikulu. Chifukwa chake, kapangidwe ka ICU kuyenera kuphatikizira kufunika kwa mpweya wamkati.
1. Zofunikira za mpweya wa ICU
(1). Zofunikira zamtundu wa mpweya
Mpweya ku ICU uyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zaukhondo. Nthawi zambiri pamafunika kuti tinthu toyandama (monga fumbi, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ndi zina zotero) mumlengalenga tiziyendetsedwa mkati mwamtundu wina kuonetsetsa chitetezo ndi thanzi la odwala. Malinga ndi gulu la tinthu tating'onoting'ono, monga muyezo wa ISO14644, mulingo wa ISO 5 (tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono ta 0.5μm osapitilira 35/m³) kapena milingo yapamwamba ingafunike ku ICU.
(2). Air flow mode
Dongosolo la mpweya wabwino ku ICU liyenera kutengera njira zoyenera zoyendetsera mpweya, monga kutuluka kwa laminar, kutsika pansi, kuthamanga kwabwino, ndi zina zambiri, kuti athe kuwongolera ndikuchotsa zowononga.
(3). Ulamuliro wolowetsa ndi kutumiza kunja
ICU iyenera kukhala ndi njira zoyenera zolowera ndi kutumiza kunja ndikukhala ndi zitseko zopanda mpweya kapena njira zowongolera njira zopewera zowononga kulowa kapena kutuluka.
(4). Njira zophera tizilombo
Pazida zamankhwala, mabedi, pansi ndi malo ena, payenera kukhala njira zofananira zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso mapulani ophera tizilombo nthawi ndi nthawi kuti awonetsetse ukhondo wa chilengedwe cha ICU.
(5). Kuwongolera kutentha ndi chinyezi
ICU iyenera kukhala ndi kutentha koyenera ndi chinyezi, nthawi zambiri kumafuna kutentha kwapakati pa 20 ndi 25 digiri Celsius ndi chinyezi chapakati pa 30% ndi 60%.
(6). Kuwongolera phokoso
Njira zowongolera phokoso ziyenera kuchitidwa ku ICU kuti muchepetse kusokoneza komanso kukhudzidwa kwa phokoso kwa odwala.
2. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za kapangidwe ka chipinda choyera cha ICU
(1). Kugawanika kwa madera
ICU iyenera kugawidwa m'madera osiyanasiyana ogwira ntchito, monga malo osamalira odwala kwambiri, malo ogwirira ntchito, chimbudzi, ndi zina zotero, kuti aziyendetsa mwadongosolo ndikugwira ntchito.
(2). Kupanga malo
Konzekerani moyenerera malo ogwirira ntchito kuti mukhale ndi malo okwanira ogwira ntchito ndi njira zogwirira ntchito kuti ogwira ntchito zachipatala azichitira chithandizo, kuyang'anira ndi ntchito zopulumutsa mwadzidzidzi.
(3). Kukakamiza mpweya wabwino
Payenera kukhala njira yopumira mpweya yokakamiza kuti ipereke mpweya wabwino wokwanira komanso kupewa kuchulukana kwa zinthu zowononga.
(4). Kukonzekera kwa zida zamankhwala
Zida zamankhwala zofunikira, monga zowunikira, zowongolera mpweya, mapampu olowetsedwa, ndi zina zotere, ziyenera kukonzedwa molingana ndi zosowa zenizeni, ndipo mawonekedwe a zida ayenera kukhala omveka, osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndikuwongolera.
(5). Kuunikira ndi chitetezo
Perekani kuunikira kokwanira, kuphatikizapo kuwala kwachilengedwe ndi kuunikira kochita kupanga, kuti awonetsetse kuti ogwira ntchito zachipatala angathe kuyang'anitsitsa ndi kuchiza molondola, ndikuonetsetsa kuti chitetezo, monga malo otetezera moto ndi ma alarm adzidzidzi.
(6). Kuwongolera matenda
Akhazikitseni zimbudzi ndi zipinda zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo tchulani njira zoyenera zogwirira ntchito kuti athe kuthana ndi chiopsezo chotenga matenda.
3. Malo opangira ICU oyera
(1). Yeretsani zomangira zogwirira ntchito
Ogwira ntchito zachipatala ndi anamwino akuyeretsa ofesi yothandizira, malo osinthira ogwira ntchito zachipatala ndi anamwino, malo oipitsidwa, chipinda chogwirira ntchito chabwino, chipinda chopangira opaleshoni, chipinda chothandizira, ndi zina.
(2). Kuyeretsa chipinda chopangira opaleshoni
Nthawi zambiri, mawonekedwe a chala chokhala ngati chala chamitundu ingapo amasinthidwa. Malo oyera ndi onyansa a chipinda chogwirira ntchito amagawidwa momveka bwino, ndipo anthu ndi zinthu zimalowa m'chipinda chogwiritsira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mizere yosiyana. Malo opangira opaleshoni ayenera kukonzedwa motsatira mfundo ya zigawo zitatu ndi njira ziwiri za zipatala za matenda opatsirana. Ogwira ntchito atha kugawidwa molingana ndi njira yoyera yamkati (njira yoyera) ndi njira yakunja yoipitsidwa (njira yoyera). Malo oyera amkati amkati ndi malo oipitsidwa pang'ono, ndipo mpanda wakunja woipitsidwa ndi malo oipitsidwa.
(3). Kutseketsa kwa malo ogwirira ntchito
Odwala omwe alibe kupuma amatha kulowa mukhonde lamkati laukhondo kudzera m'chipinda chamba chosinthira bedi ndikupita kumalo opangira opaleshoni. Odwala opuma amafunika kudutsa mukhonde lakunja loipitsidwa kupita kumalo ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zoipa. Odwala apadera omwe ali ndi matenda opatsirana kwambiri amapita kumalo ogwiritsira ntchito kupanikizika koipa kudzera mu njira yapadera ndikuchita mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kutseketsa njira.
4. Miyezo ya kuyeretsedwa kwa ICU
(1). Mulingo waukhondo
Zipinda zoyera za ICU laminar nthawi zambiri zimafunikira kukumana ndi gulu laukhondo 100 kapena kupitilira apo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pasakhale zoposa 100 zidutswa za 0,5 micron particles pa kiyubiki phazi la mpweya.
(2). Positive pressure air supply
Zipinda zoyera za ICU zokhala ndi laminar nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mphamvu zoletsa kuipitsidwa kwakunja kulowa mchipindamo. Kuthamanga kwabwino kwa mpweya kumatha kuonetsetsa kuti mpweya wabwino umayenda kunja ndikulepheretsa mpweya wakunja kulowa.
(3). Zosefera za Hepa
Dongosolo la mpweya wa wodiyo liyenera kukhala ndi zosefera za hepa kuchotsa tinthu ting'onoting'ono ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Izi zimathandiza kupereka mpweya wabwino.
(4). Mpweya wabwino ndi kuyenda kwa mpweya
Wodi ya ICU iyenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino kuti iwonetsetse kuti mpweya ukuyenda komanso utsi kuti mpweya uzikhala bwino.
(5). Kudzipatula koyenera koyipa koyipa
Pazochitika zina zapadera, monga kuchiza odwala omwe ali ndi matenda opatsirana, wodi ya ICU ingafunike kukhala ndi mphamvu zodzipatula kuti apewe kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumadera akunja.
(6). Njira zothana ndi matenda
Wodi ya ICU ikuyenera kutsatira mosamalitsa mfundo ndi njira zopewera matenda, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera zida zodzitetezera, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi zonse ndi malo, komanso ukhondo wamanja.
(7). Zida ndi zipangizo zoyenera
Wodi ya ICU ikuyenera kupereka zida ndi zida zoyenera, kuphatikiza zida zosiyanasiyana zowunikira, mpweya wabwino, malo osungira okalamba, zida zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi zina zotero, kuti awonetsetse kuyang'anira ndi chisamaliro chapamwamba kwa odwala.
(8). Kukonza ndi kuyeretsa nthawi zonse
Zida ndi zida za wodi ya ICU zikuyenera kusamalidwa ndikuyeretsedwa nthawi zonse kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikugwira ntchito bwino komanso zaukhondo.
(9). Maphunziro ndi maphunziro
Ogwira ntchito zachipatala m'derali ayenera kulandira maphunziro ndi maphunziro oyenera kuti amvetsetse njira zopewera matenda ndi njira zogwirira ntchito kuti atsimikizire kuti malo ogwira ntchito ali otetezeka komanso aukhondo.
5. Miyezo yomanga ya ICU
(1). Malo okhala
ICU iyenera kukhala ndi malo apadera a malo ndikukhala m'dera lomwe liri loyenera kusamutsidwa kwa odwala, kufufuza ndi chithandizo, ndikuganizira zinthu zotsatirazi: kuyandikira kwa mawodi akuluakulu ogwira ntchito, zipinda zogwirira ntchito, madipatimenti ojambula zithunzi, ma laboratories ndi mabanki a magazi, ndi zina zotero.
(2). Kuyeretsa mpweya
ICU iyenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino komanso zowunikira. Ndi bwino kukhala ndi makina oyeretsera mpweya omwe ali ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, zomwe zingathe kulamulira kutentha ndi chinyezi m'chipindamo. Mulingo woyeretsedwa nthawi zambiri ndi 100,000. Makina owongolera mpweya a chipinda chilichonse ayenera kuyendetsedwa paokha. Iyenera kukhala ndi malo ochapira m'manja odzidzimutsa ndi zida zophera tizilombo m'manja.
(3). Zofunikira pakupanga
Zofunikira pamapangidwe a ICU ziyenera kupereka mawonekedwe osavuta kwa ogwira ntchito zachipatala ndi njira zolumikizirana ndi odwala mwachangu ngati kuli kofunikira. ICU iyenera kukhala ndi kayendedwe kabwino kachipatala kuphatikiza kuyenda kwa ogwira ntchito ndi mayendedwe, makamaka kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana zolowera ndikutuluka kuti muchepetse kusokoneza ndi matenda osiyanasiyana.
(4). Kukongoletsa kwa nyumba
Kukongoletsa komanga kwa ma ward a ICU kuyenera kutsata mfundo zakuti palibe fumbi la fumbi, palibe kudzikundikira fumbi, kukana dzimbiri, kukana chinyezi ndi mildew, anti-static, kuyeretsa kosavuta komanso zofunikira zoteteza moto.
(5). Njira yolumikizirana
ICU iyenera kukhazikitsa njira yolumikizirana yokwanira, maukonde ndi kasamalidwe ka zidziwitso zachipatala, makina owulutsa, ndi ma intercom.
(6) . Kamangidwe konse
Kapangidwe kake ka ICU kuyenera kupanga malo azachipatala komwe mabedi amayikidwa, malo a zipinda zothandizira zachipatala, malo ochitirapo zimbudzi ndi malo ogwira ntchito zachipatala okhala zipinda zothandizira kukhala zodziyimira pawokha kuti achepetse kusokonezana ndikuthandizira kupewa matenda.
(7) . Kukhazikitsa wadi
Mtunda pakati pa mabedi otseguka ku ICU si ochepera 2.8M; ICU iliyonse ili ndi ward imodzi yokhala ndi malo osachepera 18M2. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mawodi odzipatulira abwino komanso odzipatula ku ICU iliyonse kumatha kutsimikiziridwa molingana ndi gwero lapadera la wodwalayo komanso zofunikira za dipatimenti yoyang'anira zaumoyo. Nthawi zambiri, 1 ~ 2 mawodi odzipatula okha amakhala ndi zida. Pansi pazachuma chokwanira cha anthu ndi ndalama, zipinda zochulukirapo kapena mawodi ogawa ayenera kupangidwa.
(8) . Zipinda zoyambira zothandizira
Zipinda zothandizira za ICU zimaphatikizapo ofesi ya dokotala, ofesi ya otsogolera, malo ogona ogwira ntchito, malo ogwirira ntchito, chipinda chothandizira mankhwala, chipinda choperekera mankhwala, chipinda cha zida, chipinda chosungira, chipinda choyeretsera, chipinda chochitira zinyalala, chipinda chantchito, chimbudzi, ndi zina zotero.
(9) . Kuwongolera phokoso
Kuwonjezera pa chizindikiro cha kuyitana kwa wodwalayo ndi phokoso la alamu la chida chowunikira, phokoso mu ICU liyenera kuchepetsedwa mpaka mlingo wocheperako momwe zingathere. Pansi, khoma ndi denga ziyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodzikongoletsera zomangira zomveka bwino momwe zingathere.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-20-2025