Chipinda chosamalira odwala kwambiri (ICU) ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri popereka chithandizo chamankhwala kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu. Odwala ambiri omwe avomerezedwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi chitetezo chochepa chamthupi komanso omwe ali pachiwopsezo chotenga matenda, ndipo amatha kukhala ndi mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi oopsa. Ngati pali mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda yomwe imayandama mumlengalenga ndipo kuchuluka kwake kuli kwakukulu, chiopsezo cha matenda opatsirana chimakhala chachikulu. Chifukwa chake, kapangidwe ka ICU kayenera kuyika kufunika kwakukulu pa mpweya wabwino wamkati.
1. Zofunikira pa mpweya wabwino wa ICU
(1). Zofunikira pa khalidwe la mpweya
Mpweya mu ICU uyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zaukhondo kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri pamafunika kuti kuchuluka kwa tinthu toyandama (monga fumbi, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi zina zotero) mumlengalenga kulamuliridwe mkati mwa mtundu winawake kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo ndi thanzi la odwala. Malinga ndi gulu la kukula kwa tinthu, monga malinga ndi muyezo wa ISO14644, mulingo wa ISO 5 (tinthu ta 0.5μm sitipitirira 35/m³) kapena milingo yapamwamba ingafunike mu ICU.
(2). Njira yoyendera mpweya
Njira yopumira mpweya mu ICU iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera zoyendera mpweya, monga kuyenda kwa laminar, kuyenda kwa madzi pansi, kuthamanga kwa mpweya wabwino, ndi zina zotero, kuti ilamulire bwino ndikuchotsa zoipitsa.
(3). Kulamulira kutumiza ndi kutumiza kunja
ICU iyenera kukhala ndi njira zoyenera zolowera ndi kutumiza kunja ndipo ikhale ndi zitseko zosalowa mpweya kapena njira zowongolera kulowa kuti ziletse zinthu zodetsa kuti zisalowe kapena kutuluka.
(4). Njira zoyezera matenda
Pa zipangizo zachipatala, mabedi, pansi ndi malo ena, payenera kukhala njira zoyenera zoyeretsera matenda ndi mapulani oyeretsera matenda nthawi ndi nthawi kuti zitsimikizire kuti malo ogona odwala odwala kwambiri ndi aukhondo.
(5). Kulamulira kutentha ndi chinyezi
ICU iyenera kukhala ndi kutentha koyenera komanso chinyezi choyenera, nthawi zambiri imafunika kutentha pakati pa madigiri 20 ndi 25 Celsius ndi chinyezi pakati pa 30% ndi 60%.
(6). Kuletsa phokoso
Njira zowongolera phokoso ziyenera kutengedwa mu ICU kuti achepetse kusokoneza ndi momwe phokoso limakhudzira odwala.
2. Mfundo zazikulu za kapangidwe ka chipinda choyera cha ICU
(1). Gawo la chigawo
ICU iyenera kugawidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana ogwirira ntchito, monga malo osamalira odwala kwambiri, malo ochitira opaleshoni, chimbudzi, ndi zina zotero, kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito bwino.
(2). Kapangidwe ka malo
Konzani bwino malo ogwirira ntchito kuti muwonetsetse kuti pali malo okwanira ogwirira ntchito komanso malo okwanira ogwira ntchito zachipatala kuti azitha kuchita chithandizo, kuyang'anira komanso kupulumutsa anthu mwadzidzidzi.
(3). Dongosolo lopumira mpweya wokakamiza
Njira yopumira mpweya yokakamiza iyenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti ipereke mpweya wabwino wokwanira komanso kupewa kusonkhanitsa zinthu zoipitsa mpweya.
(4). Kapangidwe ka zida zachipatala
Zipangizo zachipatala zofunika, monga zowunikira, ma ventilator, mapampu olowetsa madzi, ndi zina zotero, ziyenera kukonzedwa malinga ndi zosowa zenizeni, ndipo kapangidwe ka zida kayenera kukhala koyenera, kosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusamalira.
(5). Kuunikira ndi chitetezo
Perekani kuwala kokwanira, kuphatikizapo kuwala kwachilengedwe ndi kuwala kochita kupanga, kuti ogwira ntchito zachipatala athe kuyang'anitsitsa ndi kuchiza molondola, ndikuwonetsetsa njira zotetezera, monga malo opewera moto ndi makina ochenjeza zadzidzidzi.
(6). Kuletsa matenda
Konzani malo monga zimbudzi ndi zipinda zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo fotokozani njira zoyenera zogwirira ntchito kuti muchepetse chiopsezo cha kufalikira kwa matenda.
3. Malo ochitira opaleshoni oyera a ICU
(1). Malo ogwirira ntchito oyera
Ogwira ntchito zachipatala ndi anamwino akutsuka malo othandizira ofesi, malo osinthira antchito azachipatala ndi anamwino, malo omwe angawonongeretu mpweya, chipinda chochitira opaleshoni chokhala ndi mpweya wabwino, chipinda chochitira opaleshoni chokhala ndi mpweya wabwino, chipinda chochitira opaleshoni chokhala ndi mpweya wabwino, chipinda chochitira opaleshoni chokhala ndi mpweya wabwino, ndi zina zotero.
(2). Kapangidwe ka chipinda chochitira opaleshoni choyera
Kawirikawiri, njira yokonzanso malo ochitira opaleshoni okhala ndi njira zambiri zoipitsa mpweya imagwiritsiridwa ntchito. Malo oyera ndi auve a chipinda chochitira opaleshoni amagawidwa bwino, ndipo anthu ndi zinthu zimalowa m'chipinda chochitira opaleshoni kudzera m'mizere yosiyanasiyana ya madzi. Malo a chipinda chochitira opaleshoni ayenera kukonzedwa motsatira mfundo ya madera atatu ndi njira ziwiri za zipatala za matenda opatsirana. Ogwira ntchito akhoza kugawidwa malinga ndi malo oyera amkati (njira yoyera) ndi malo akunja oipitsidwa (njira yoyera). Malo oyera amkati ndi malo oipitsidwa pang'ono, ndipo malo akunja oipitsidwa ndi malo oipitsidwa.
(3). Kuyeretsa malo ogwirira ntchito
Odwala omwe sapuma mokwanira amatha kulowa mu khonde loyera lamkati kudzera m'chipinda chosinthira bedi wamba ndikupita ku malo ochitira opaleshoni omwe ali ndi mphamvu yokwanira. Odwala omwe amapuma mokwanira ayenera kudutsa m'khonde lakunja lomwe laipitsidwa kupita ku malo ochitira opaleshoni omwe ali ndi mphamvu yokwanira yokwanira. Odwala apadera omwe ali ndi matenda opatsirana kwambiri amapita ku malo ochitira opaleshoni omwe ali ndi mphamvu yokwanira yokwanira kudzera mu njira yapadera ndikuchita maantibayotiki ndi kuyeretsa thupi lonse panjira.
4. Miyezo yoyeretsera ICU
(1). Mulingo wa ukhondo
Zipinda zoyera za ICU laminar nthawi zambiri zimafunika kukwaniritsa ukhondo wa kalasi 100 kapena kupitirira apo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti sipayenera kukhala zidutswa zopitilira 100 za tinthu ta 0.5 micron pa kiyubiki futi iliyonse ya mpweya.
(2). Mpweya wabwino wokwanira
Zipinda zoyera za ICU laminar nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino kuti zisawononge mpweya wakunja kuti usalowe mchipindamo. Mpweya wabwino umathandiza kuti mpweya woyera utuluke kunja ndikuletsa mpweya wakunja kulowa.
(3). Zosefera za Hepa
Njira yoyendetsera mpweya m'chipinda chopumuliramo mpweya iyenera kukhala ndi zosefera za hepa kuti zichotse tinthu ting'onoting'ono ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Izi zimathandiza kuti mpweya ukhale woyera.
(4). Mpweya wabwino komanso kuyenda bwino kwa mpweya
Chipinda cha ICU chiyenera kukhala ndi njira yoyenera yopumira mpweya kuti mpweya uziyenda bwino komanso kuti mpweya utuluke bwino kuti mpweya ukhale woyera.
(5). Kupatula koyenera kwa kupanikizika koipa
Pazochitika zina zapadera, monga kuchiza odwala matenda opatsirana, chipinda cha ICU chingafunike kukhala ndi mphamvu zodzipatula kuti chisafalikire ku malo akunja.
(6). Njira zokhwima zopewera matenda
Chipinda cha ICU chiyenera kutsatira malamulo ndi njira zodzitetezera ku matenda, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zida zodzitetezera, kuyeretsa zida ndi malo nthawi zonse, komanso ukhondo wa manja.
(7). Zipangizo ndi malo oyenera
Chipinda cha ICU chiyenera kupereka zipangizo ndi malo oyenera, kuphatikizapo zida zosiyanasiyana zowunikira, mpweya wokwanira, malo osungira ana, zida zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi zina zotero, kuti zitsimikizire kuti odwala akuyang'aniridwa bwino komanso akusamalidwa bwino.
(8). Kusamalira ndi kuyeretsa nthawi zonse
Zipangizo ndi malo ogwirira ntchito ku ICU ziyenera kusamalidwa ndi kutsukidwa nthawi zonse kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikugwira ntchito bwino komanso kuti ndi zaukhondo.
(9). Maphunziro ndi maphunziro
Ogwira ntchito zachipatala m'chipinda cholandirira odwala ayenera kulandira maphunziro oyenera kuti amvetse njira zopewera matenda komanso njira zogwirira ntchito kuti malo ogwirira ntchito akhale otetezeka komanso aukhondo.
5. Miyezo yomanga ya ICU
(1). Malo ake
ICU iyenera kukhala ndi malo apadera ndipo ikhale pamalo oyenera kusamutsira odwala, kuwayang'anira ndi kuwachiza, ndipo iganizireni zinthu zotsatirazi: kuyandikira kwa zipinda zazikulu zoperekera chithandizo, zipinda zochitira opaleshoni, madipatimenti ojambula zithunzi, ma laboratories ndi malo osungira magazi, ndi zina zotero. Ngati "pafupi" kopingasa sikungatheke, "pafupi" koyima pamwamba ndi pansi kuyeneranso kuganiziridwa.
(2). Kuyeretsa mpweya
ICU iyenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino komanso kuwala koyenera. Ndi bwino kukhala ndi makina oyeretsera mpweya okhala ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, omwe amatha kulamulira kutentha ndi chinyezi mchipindamo paokha. Mlingo woyeretsera nthawi zambiri ndi 100,000. Makina oziziritsira mpweya mchipinda chilichonse ayenera kuyendetsedwa paokha. Ayenera kukhala ndi zipangizo zotsukira m'manja zoyambitsa mpweya komanso zida zoyeretsera m'manja.
(3). Zofunikira pa kapangidwe
Zofunikira pa kapangidwe ka ICU ziyenera kupereka njira zosavuta zowonera odwala ndi ogwira ntchito zachipatala mwachangu momwe zingathere. ICU iyenera kukhala ndi njira yoyenera yolankhulirana ndi odwala kuphatikizapo kuyenda kwa ogwira ntchito ndi zinthu zoyendera, makamaka kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana zolowera ndi zotulukira kuti muchepetse kusokonezana ndi matenda osiyanasiyana.
(4). Zokongoletsa nyumba
Kukongoletsa nyumba za ICU kuyenera kutsatira mfundo zonse zoti fumbi lisatuluke, fumbi silingaunjikane, silingadziunjike, silingagwere chinyezi ndi bowa, silingaume, silingayeretsedwe mosavuta komanso silingatetezedwe ndi moto.
(5). Njira yolumikizirana
ICU iyenera kukhazikitsa njira yonse yolumikizirana, njira yoyendetsera maukonde ndi zidziwitso zachipatala, njira yofalitsira mauthenga, ndi njira yolumikizirana mafoni.
(6). Kapangidwe konse
Kapangidwe ka chipinda chothandizira odwala matenda opatsirana (ICU) kayenera kupanga malo azachipatala omwe ali ndi mabedi, malo a zipinda zothandizira zachipatala, malo oyeretsera zinyalala ndi malo a ogwira ntchito zachipatala okhala m'zipinda zothandizira odwala kukhala osiyana kuti achepetse kusokonezana kwa odwala komanso kuwongolera matenda.
(7). Malo ogona
Mtunda pakati pa mabedi otseguka mu ICU ndi osachepera 2.8M; ICU iliyonse ili ndi chipinda chimodzi chokhala ndi malo osachepera 18M2. Kukhazikitsa zipinda zodzipatula za pressure ndi pressure yoipa mu ICU iliyonse kungadziwike malinga ndi komwe wodwalayo ali komanso zofunikira za dipatimenti yoyang'anira zaumoyo. Nthawi zambiri, zipinda zodzipatula za pressure yoipa 1-2 zimakhala ndi zipangizo. Ngati pali anthu ndi ndalama zokwanira, zipinda zambiri kapena zipinda zogawanika ziyenera kupangidwa.
(8). Zipinda zoyambira zothandizira
Zipinda zoyambira zothandizira za ICU zikuphatikizapo ofesi ya dokotala, ofesi ya wotsogolera, chipinda chochezera cha ogwira ntchito, malo ogwirira ntchito pakati, chipinda chochiritsira, chipinda choperekera mankhwala, chipinda chogwiritsira ntchito zida, chipinda chovalira zovala, chipinda choyeretsera, chipinda choyeretsera zinyalala, chipinda chogwirira ntchito, chimbudzi, ndi zina zotero. Ma ICU okhala ndi matenda amisala amatha kukhala ndi zipinda zina zothandizira, kuphatikizapo zipinda zowonetsera, zipinda zolandirira mabanja, ma laboratories, zipinda zokonzekera zakudya, ndi zina zotero.
(9). Kuletsa phokoso
Kuwonjezera pa chizindikiro choyimbira cha wodwalayo ndi phokoso la alamu la chida chowunikira, phokoso mu ICU liyenera kuchepetsedwa kufika pamlingo wocheperako momwe zingathere. Pansi, khoma ndi denga ziyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zokongoletsa nyumba zotetezera mawu momwe zingathere.
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-20-2025