Pali magwero awiri akuluakulu oipitsidwa m'chipinda choyera: tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, zomwe zitha kuyambitsidwa ndi anthu ndi chilengedwe, kapena zochitika zokhudzana ndi izi. Ngakhale atayesetsa kwambiri, kuipitsidwa kudzalowabe m'chipinda choyera. Zotengera zodziwika bwino zonyamulira zimaphatikizapo matupi a anthu (maselo, tsitsi), zinthu zachilengedwe monga fumbi, utsi, nkhungu kapena zida (zida za labotale, zida zoyeretsera), ndi njira zopukutira zosayenera ndi njira zoyeretsera.
Wonyamula matenda ambiri ndi anthu. Ngakhale zovala zokhwima kwambiri komanso njira zogwirira ntchito zolimba kwambiri, ogwira ntchito osaphunzitsidwa bwino ndiye chiopsezo chachikulu cha kuipitsidwa m'zipinda zaukhondo. Ogwira ntchito omwe satsatira malangizo a zipinda zoyeretsera amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Malingana ngati wogwira ntchito mmodzi alakwitsa kapena kuiwala sitepe, zingayambitse kuipitsidwa kwa chipinda chonse choyeretsa. Kampaniyo imatha kuwonetsetsa ukhondo wa chipindacho poyang'anira mosalekeza komanso kukonzanso mosalekeza maphunziro ndi ziro zoyipitsidwa.
Magwero ena akuluakulu oipitsidwa ndi zida ndi zida. Ngati ngolo kapena makina angopukuta pang'onopang'ono asanalowe m'chipinda choyera, akhoza kubweretsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Nthawi zambiri, ogwira ntchito sadziwa kuti zida zamawilo zimagubuduza pamalo omwe ali ndi kachilombo pomwe zimakankhidwira mchipinda choyeretsa. Pamwamba (kuphatikiza pansi, makoma, zida, ndi zina) zimayesedwa nthawi zonse kuti ziwerengedwe bwino pogwiritsa ntchito mbale zolumikizirana zopangidwa mwapadera zomwe zimakhala ndi media zakukulira monga Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) ndi Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). TSA ndi njira yokulira yopangira mabakiteriya, ndipo SDA ndi njira yokulira yopangira nkhungu ndi yisiti. TSA ndi SDA nthawi zambiri zimalumikizidwa ku kutentha kosiyanasiyana, ndipo TSA imayang'aniridwa ndi kutentha kwa 30-35˚C, komwe ndiko kutentha kwabwino kwa mabakiteriya ambiri. Kutentha kwa 20-25˚C ndikoyenera kwa mitundu yambiri ya nkhungu ndi yisiti.
Airflow inali nthawi yomwe imayambitsa kuipitsidwa, koma makina amasiku ano a HVAC oyeretsa achotsa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya. Mpweya wa m'chipinda choyeretsera umayendetsedwa ndikuwunikidwa pafupipafupi (mwachitsanzo, tsiku lililonse, sabata iliyonse, kotala) kuti muwone kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kuwerengera kokwanira, kutentha, ndi chinyezi. Zosefera za HEPA zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa tinthu mumlengalenga ndikutha kusefa tinthu tating'ono mpaka 0.2µm. Zosefera izi nthawi zambiri zimayendetsedwa mosalekeza pamlingo woyendera bwino kuti musunge mpweya wabwino m'chipindamo. Chinyezi nthawi zambiri chimasungidwa pamlingo wochepa kuti tipewe kuchulukana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga mabakiteriya ndi nkhungu zomwe zimakonda malo achinyezi.
M'malo mwake, gawo lalikulu kwambiri komanso gwero lodziwika bwino la kuipitsidwa mu chipinda choyera ndi wogwiritsa ntchito.
Magwero ndi njira zolowera zowononga sizimasiyana kwambiri kuchokera kumakampani kupita kumakampani, koma pali kusiyana pakati pa mafakitale malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kosalekeza komanso kosavomerezeka. Mwachitsanzo, opanga mapiritsi osadya safunikira kukhala ndi ukhondo womwewo monga opanga mankhwala opangira jekeseni omwe amalowetsedwa mwachindunji m'thupi la munthu.
Opanga mankhwala ali ndi kulekerera kochepa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kusiyana ndi opanga zamakono zamakono. Opanga ma semiconductor omwe amapanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono sangathe kuvomereza kuipitsidwa kulikonse kuti atsimikizire kugwira ntchito kwa chinthucho. Chifukwa chake, makampaniwa amangokhudzidwa ndi kusabereka kwazinthu zomwe ziyenera kuyikidwa m'thupi la munthu komanso magwiridwe antchito a chip kapena foni yam'manja. Sakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhungu, bowa kapena mitundu ina ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'chipinda choyera. Kumbali ina, makampani opanga mankhwala akuda nkhaŵa ndi magwero onse a matenda amoyo ndi akufa.
Makampani opanga mankhwala amayendetsedwa ndi FDA ndipo ayenera kutsatira mosamalitsa malamulo a Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) chifukwa zotsatira za kuipitsidwa kwamakampani opanga mankhwala ndizovulaza kwambiri. Sikuti opanga mankhwala amayenera kuonetsetsa kuti mankhwala awo alibe mabakiteriya, amafunikanso kukhala ndi zolemba ndi kufufuza zonse. Kampani yopanga zida zapamwamba imatha kutumiza laputopu kapena TV bola ikadutsa kafukufuku wake wamkati. Koma sizophweka kwamakampani opanga mankhwala, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti kampani ikhale nayo, igwiritse ntchito ndikulemba njira zoyeretsera zipinda. Chifukwa choganizira zamtengo wapatali, makampani ambiri amalemba ntchito akatswiri oyeretsa kunja kuti aziyeretsa.
Dongosolo lathunthu loyezetsa zachilengedwe pazipinda zoyera liyenera kukhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono towoneka ndi osawoneka. Ngakhale kuti palibe chofunikira kuti zonyansa zonse zomwe zili m'madera olamulidwawa zizidziwika ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Dongosolo loyang'anira zachilengedwe liyenera kukhala ndi mulingo woyenera wozindikiritsa mabakiteriya pazotulutsa zachitsanzo. Pali njira zambiri zozindikiritsira mabakiteriya zomwe zilipo pakadali pano.
Gawo loyamba pakuzindikiritsa mabakiteriya, makamaka pankhani yodzipatula pazipinda zoyeretsa, ndi njira ya Gram madontho, chifukwa imatha kupereka chidziwitso ku gwero la kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Ngati kudzipatula kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'onoting'ono ta gram-positive cocci, ndiye kuti kachilomboka kanachokera kwa anthu. Ngati magwiridwe antchito ndi chizindikiritso amawonetsa ndodo zabwino, zodetsazi zitha kuti zimachokera kufumbi kapena kuwononga matenda osokoneza bongo. Ngati kupenyerera ndi chizindikiritso ndikuwonetsa ndodo zoyipa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke zitha kutuluka m'madzi kapena kuwonongeka kulikonse.
Kuzindikiritsa tizilombo m'chipinda choyeretsera mankhwala ndikofunikira kwambiri chifukwa chimagwirizana ndi zinthu zambiri zotsimikizira zamtundu, monga kuyesa kwa bioassays m'malo opanga; kuyezetsa chizindikiritso cha mabakiteriya azinthu zomaliza; zamoyo zosatchulidwa mayina muzinthu zosabala ndi madzi; kuwongolera kwabwino kwaukadaulo wosungirako fermentation m'makampani a biotechnology; ndi kutsimikizira kuyesa kwa ma microbial panthawi yovomerezeka. Njira ya FDA yotsimikizira kuti mabakiteriya amatha kukhala ndi moyo pamalo enaake idzakhala yofala kwambiri. Miyezo ya kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo ikapitilira mulingo womwe watchulidwa kapena zotsatira zoyeserera zikuwonetsa kuipitsidwa, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito yoyeretsa ndi yopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ikugwira ntchito ndikuchotsa kuzindikiritsa komwe kumayambitsa matenda.
Pali njira ziwiri zowunika momwe zinthu zilili pazipinda zoyera:
1. Kulumikizana mbale
Zakudya zapadera zachikhalidwe izi zimakhala ndi sing'anga yosabala, yomwe imakonzedwa kuti ikhale yapamwamba kuposa m'mphepete mwa mbale. Chivundikiro cha mbale yolumikizana chimakwirira pamwamba kuti chitsatidwe, ndipo tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timawoneka pamwamba timamatira pamwamba pa agar ndikuyika. Njirayi imatha kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tomwe timawonekera pamtunda.
2. Njira ya Swab
Izi ndizosabala ndipo zimasungidwa mumadzi oyenera osabala. Chinsalucho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo oyesera ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timadziwika ndi kubwezeretsa swab pakati. Swabs nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo osagwirizana kapena m'malo omwe ndi ovuta kuyesa ndi mbale yolumikizana. Sampling ya Swab ndi mayeso aukadaulo.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-21-2024