Pali magwero awiri akuluakulu a kuipitsidwa m'chipinda choyeretsa: tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zingayambitsidwe ndi zinthu za anthu ndi zachilengedwe, kapena zochitika zina zokhudzana ndi izi. Ngakhale kuti pakhala kuyesetsa kwakukulu, kuipitsidwako kudzalowabe m'chipinda choyeretsa. Zinthu zomwe zimafala kwambiri ndi monga matupi a anthu (maselo, tsitsi), zinthu zachilengedwe monga fumbi, utsi, nkhungu kapena zida (zipangizo za labotale, zida zoyeretsera), ndi njira zosayenera zopukutira ndi njira zoyeretsera.
Anthu omwe amaika zinthu zodetsa kwambiri m'nyumba ndi anthu. Ngakhale atavala zovala zokhwima kwambiri komanso njira zogwirira ntchito molimbika kwambiri, ogwira ntchito osaphunzitsidwa bwino ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kuipitsidwa m'nyumba zoyera. Antchito omwe satsatira malangizo a nyumba zoyera ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Bola ngati wantchito m'modzi walakwitsa kapena waiwala sitepe, izi zingayambitse kuipitsidwa kwa nyumba yonse yoyera. Kampaniyo ingangotsimikizira kuti nyumba zoyera ndi zaukhondo mwa kuyang'anira nthawi zonse ndikusintha maphunziro mosalekeza popanda kuipitsidwa konse.
Magwero ena akuluakulu a kuipitsidwa ndi zida ndi zida. Ngati ngolo kapena makina angopukutidwa bwino asanalowe m'chipinda chotsukira, angabweretse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Nthawi zambiri, ogwira ntchito sadziwa kuti zida zoyendetsedwa ndi mawilo zimagubuduzika pamalo oipitsidwa zikamakankhidwira m'chipinda chotsukira. Malo (kuphatikizapo pansi, makoma, zida, ndi zina zotero) amayesedwa nthawi zonse kuti aone kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mbale zolumikizirana zapadera zomwe zili ndi zolumikizira zokulira monga Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) ndi Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). TSA ndi malo okulira omwe adapangidwira mabakiteriya, ndipo SDA ndi malo okulira omwe adapangidwira nkhungu ndi yisiti. TSA ndi SDA nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa kutentha kosiyanasiyana, ndipo TSA imakumana ndi kutentha kwa 30-35˚C, komwe ndi kutentha koyenera kwa mabakiteriya ambiri. Mtundu wa 20-25˚C ndi wabwino kwambiri kwa mitundu yambiri ya nkhungu ndi yisiti.
Kalelo mpweya umayenda bwino kwambiri chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya, koma makina a HVAC a masiku ano achotsa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya. Mpweya m'chipinda choyera umayendetsedwa ndi kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse (monga tsiku lililonse, sabata iliyonse, kotala lililonse) kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa tinthu, kuchuluka koyenera, kutentha, ndi chinyezi. Zosefera za HEPA zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa tinthu mumlengalenga ndipo zimatha kusefa tinthu mpaka 0.2µm. Zoseferazi nthawi zambiri zimayendetsedwa mosalekeza pamlingo woyezera kuti mpweya ukhale wabwino m'chipindamo. Chinyezi nthawi zambiri chimasungidwa pamlingo wotsika kuti tipewe kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga mabakiteriya ndi nkhungu zomwe zimakonda malo okhala ndi chinyezi.
Ndipotu, gwero lalikulu kwambiri komanso lofala kwambiri la kuipitsidwa m'chipinda choyera ndi wogwiritsa ntchito.
Magwero ndi njira zolowera za kuipitsidwa sizimasiyana kwambiri kuchokera ku mafakitale kupita ku mafakitale, koma pali kusiyana pakati pa mafakitale pankhani ya kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa komwe kumaloledwa ndi komwe sikuloledwa. Mwachitsanzo, opanga mapiritsi odyetsedwa safunika kusunga ukhondo wofanana ndi opanga mankhwala obayidwa omwe amalowetsedwa mwachindunji m'thupi la munthu.
Opanga mankhwala ali ndi vuto lochepa la kuipitsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda poyerekeza ndi opanga zamagetsi apamwamba. Opanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi semiconductor omwe amapanga zinthu zazing'ono sangavomereze kuipitsidwa kulikonse kuti atsimikizire kuti chinthucho chikugwira ntchito bwino. Chifukwa chake, makampaniwa amangoganizira za kusabereka kwa chinthucho chomwe chiyenera kuyikidwa m'thupi la munthu komanso momwe chip kapena foni yam'manja imagwirira ntchito. Sadera nkhawa kwambiri ndi nkhungu, bowa kapena mitundu ina ya kuipitsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'chipinda choyera. Kumbali ina, makampani opanga mankhwala amasamala za zinthu zonse zamoyo ndi zakufa zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsidwa.
Makampani opanga mankhwala amalamulidwa ndi FDA ndipo ayenera kutsatira malamulo a Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) chifukwa zotsatira za kuipitsidwa m'makampani opanga mankhwala zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri. Opanga mankhwala samangofunika kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zawo zilibe mabakiteriya okha, komanso amafunika kukhala ndi zikalata ndi kutsatira chilichonse. Kampani yaukadaulo wapamwamba imatha kutumiza laputopu kapena TV bola ngati idutsa kafukufuku wake wamkati. Koma sizophweka kwa makampani opanga mankhwala, ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti kampani ikhale ndi, igwiritse ntchito ndikulemba njira zogwirira ntchito zoyeretsa m'chipinda choyera. Chifukwa cha ndalama zomwe zimafunika, makampani ambiri amalemba ntchito akatswiri oyeretsa akunja kuti achite ntchito zoyeretsa.
Pulogalamu yonse yoyesera zachilengedwe m'chipinda choyera iyenera kukhala ndi tinthu tooneka ndi tosaoneka tomwe timauluka. Ngakhale palibe chifukwa choti zinthu zonse zodetsa m'malo olamulidwa awa zizindikirike ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Pulogalamu yowongolera zachilengedwe iyenera kukhala ndi mulingo woyenera wa kuzindikira mabakiteriya a zitsanzo zotengedwa. Pali njira zambiri zodziwira mabakiteriya zomwe zilipo pakadali pano.
Gawo loyamba pozindikira mabakiteriya, makamaka pankhani yodzipatula m'chipinda choyera, ndi njira ya Gram stain, chifukwa ingapereke zizindikiro zodziwira komwe kwachokera kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ngati kudzipatula ndi kuzindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kukuwonetsa Gram-positive cocci, kuipitsidwako kungakhale kochokera kwa anthu. Ngati kudzipatula ndi kuzindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kukuwonetsa ndodo za Gram-positive, kuipitsidwako kungakhale kochokera ku fumbi kapena mitundu yosagwira mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ngati kudzipatula ndi kuzindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kukuwonetsa ndodo za Gram-negative, komwe kwachokera kuipitsidwako kungakhale kochokera m'madzi kapena pamalo aliwonse onyowa.
Kuzindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'chipinda chotsukira mankhwala n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa kumagwirizana ndi zinthu zambiri zotsimikizira khalidwe, monga kuyesa kwa bioassays m'malo opangira zinthu; kuyesa kuzindikira mabakiteriya a zinthu zomaliza; zamoyo zosatchulidwa m'zinthu zosabala ndi madzi; kuwongolera khalidwe la ukadaulo wosungiramo kuwira mumakampani opanga zamoyo; ndi kutsimikizira kuyesa mabakiteriya panthawi yotsimikizira. Njira ya FDA yotsimikizira kuti mabakiteriya amatha kukhalabe m'malo enaake idzakhala yofala kwambiri. Pamene kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kukupitirira mulingo womwe wafotokozedwa kapena zotsatira za mayeso osabala zikusonyeza kuipitsidwa, ndikofunikira kutsimikizira kugwira ntchito kwa mankhwala oyeretsera ndi ophera tizilombo ndikuchotsa kuzindikira komwe kumachokera kuipitsidwa.
Pali njira ziwiri zowunikira malo ozungulira malo oyeretsera:
1. Mapepala olumikizirana
Zakudya zapaderazi zimakhala ndi malo okulira osabala, omwe amakonzedwa kuti akhale okwera kuposa m'mphepete mwa mbale. Chivundikiro cha mbale yolumikizira chimaphimba pamwamba pa zomwe ziyenera kuyesedwa, ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timawoneka pamwamba pake timamatira pamwamba pa agar ndikuyamwitsa. Njirayi imatha kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timawoneka pamwamba.
2. Njira Yosambitsira
Izi ndi zoyera ndipo zimasungidwa m'madzi oyenera osayera. Chitsulocho chimayikidwa pamwamba pa mayeso ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timazindikirika pobwezeretsa chitsulocho m'malo osungira madzi. Chitsulochi nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo osafanana kapena m'malo ovuta kusanthula pogwiritsa ntchito mbale yolumikizirana. Kuyesa kwa chitsulo ndi mayeso abwino kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-21-2024