Magwero a tinthu tating'onoting'ono timagawidwa m'tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe sitili tomwe timakhala ...
Kufunika koyang'anira chilengedwe cha m'chipinda choyera kuli pakuonetsetsa kuti momwe zinthu zilili pakupanga zinthu zikukwaniritsa miyezo yeniyeni ya ukhondo, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale ambiri. Izi ndi zofunika komanso udindo wapadera wa kuwongolera chilengedwe cha m'chipinda choyera:
1. Onetsetsani kuti zinthu zili bwino
1.1 Kuletsa kuipitsa: M'mafakitale monga ma semiconductors, mankhwala, ndi zida zachipatala, tinthu tating'onoting'ono toipitsa zinthu tingayambitse zolakwika kapena kulephera kwa zinthu. Mwa kuwongolera ubwino wa mpweya ndi kuchuluka kwa tinthu m'chipinda choyera, zinthu zoipitsa zimenezi zitha kupewedwa bwino kuti zisakhudze zinthuzo.
Kuwonjezera pa ndalama zoyambira zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zida za hardware, kukonza ndi kuwongolera ukhondo wa chipinda choyera kumafunanso njira yabwino yoyendetsera "mapulogalamu" kuti ukhondo ukhale wabwino. Kuchokera ku zotsatira za deta zomwe zili pachithunzichi, zitha kuwoneka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu pa ukhondo wa chipinda choyera. Ogwiritsa ntchito akalowa m'chipinda choyera, fumbi limawonjezeka kwambiri. Pakakhala anthu akuyenda uku ndi uku, ukhondo umachepa nthawi yomweyo. Zitha kuwoneka kuti chifukwa chachikulu cha kuwonongeka kwa ukhondo ndi zinthu zomwe anthu amachita.
1.2 Kusasinthasintha: Malo oyera m'chipinda amathandiza kuti ntchito yopangira zinthu ikhale yofanana komanso yobwerezabwereza, motero kuonetsetsa kuti zinthuzo zimakhala bwino.
Ponena za gawo la galasi, kumatirira kwa tinthu ta fumbi kumayambitsa mikwingwirima pa gawo la galasi, ma short circuits ndi thovu, ndi zina zoyipa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu ziwonongeke. Chifukwa chake, kuwongolera magwero a kuipitsa kwakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kasamalidwe ka chipinda choyera.
Kulowa ndi kupewa fumbi lakunja
Chipinda choyera chiyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yokwanira (>0.5mm/Hg), chigwire ntchito yabwino pa ntchito yomanga yoyambirira kuti chionetsetse kuti mpweya sutuluka, ndipo musanabweretse antchito, zida, zipangizo zopangira, zida, zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi zina zotero mchipinda choyera, ziyenera kutsukidwa ndikupukutidwa, ndi zina zotero. Njira zopewera fumbi. Nthawi yomweyo, zida zoyeretsera ziyenera kuyikidwa bwino ndikusinthidwa kapena kutsukidwa nthawi zonse.
Kupanga fumbi ndi kupewa m'zipinda zoyera
Kusankha koyenera zipangizo zoyera m'chipinda monga ma board ogawa ndi pansi, kuwongolera zida zogwirira ntchito, mwachitsanzo kukonza ndi kuyeretsa nthawi zonse, ogwira ntchito popanga zinthu saloledwa kuyenda kapena kuchita mayendedwe akuluakulu a thupi pamalo awo, ndipo njira zodzitetezera monga kuwonjezera mphasa zomata zimatengedwa m'malo apadera.
2. Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yopangira zinthu
2.1 Chepetsani kuchuluka kwa zinyalala: Mwa kuchepetsa zinyalala ndi zoipitsa zomwe zimachitika popanga zinthu, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala kumatha kuchepetsedwa, kuchuluka kwa zokolola kumatha kukwera, motero kugwira ntchito bwino kwa zinthu kumatha kukwera.
Mwachitsanzo: Pali njira 600 zopangira wafer. Ngati phindu la njira iliyonse ndi 99%, kodi phindu lonse la njira 600 zopangira ndi lotani? Yankho: 0.99^600 = 0.24%.
Kuti njira yogwirira ntchito ikhale yothandiza pazachuma, kodi phindu la gawo lililonse liyenera kukhala lalikulu bwanji?
•0.999^600= 54.8%
•0.9999^600=94.2%
Kuchuluka kwa ntchito iliyonse kuyenera kufika pa 99.99% kuti ikwaniritse kuchuluka kwa ntchito yomaliza yoposa 90%, ndipo kuipitsidwa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kumakhudza mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa ntchitoyo.
2.2 Fulumizani ntchitoyi: Kugwira ntchito pamalo oyera kungachepetse kuyeretsa kosafunikira ndi nthawi yokonzanso zinthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yopangira zinthu iziyenda bwino.
3. Onetsetsani kuti anthu ali ndi thanzi labwino komanso chitetezo
3.1 Thanzi la Pantchito: Pazinthu zina zopangira zomwe zingatulutse zinthu zoopsa, zipinda zoyera zimatha kuletsa zinthu zoopsa kufalikira ku chilengedwe chakunja ndikuteteza thanzi la ogwira ntchito. Kuyambira pamene anthu akukula, ukadaulo, zida ndi chidziwitso zapita patsogolo, koma mpweya wabwino watsika. Munthu amapuma mpweya wokwana 270,000 M3 m'moyo wake wonse, ndipo amakhala 70% mpaka 90% ya nthawi yake m'nyumba. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timapumidwa ndi thupi la munthu ndikuyikidwa m'dongosolo lopumira. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta 5 mpaka 30um timayikidwa mu nasopharynx, tinthu ta 1 mpaka 5um timayikidwa mu trachea ndi bronchi, ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili pansi pa 1um timayikidwa mu khoma la alveolar.
Anthu omwe amakhala m'chipinda chopanda mpweya wabwino wokwanira kwa nthawi yayitali amakhala ndi "matenda amkati", omwe ali ndi zizindikiro monga mutu, kupsinjika pachifuwa, komanso kutopa, komanso amakhala ndi matenda opuma komanso amanjenje. Muyezo wa dziko lonse wa GB/T18883-2002 umafotokoza kuti mpweya wabwino sayenera kupitirira 30m3/h.
Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino m'chipinda choyera kuyenera kutenga mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wa zinthu ziwiri izi:
a. Chiwerengero cha mpweya wofunikira kuti ukhale wokwanira kuti utulutse mpweya wotuluka m'nyumba komanso kuti mpweya wabwino ukhale wokwanira.
b. Onetsetsani kuti mpweya wabwino ukufunika kwa ogwira ntchito m'chipinda choyera. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka chipinda choyera, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino pa munthu aliyense pa ola limodzi sikochepera 40m3.
3.2 Kupanga kotetezeka: Mwa kuwongolera magawo azachilengedwe monga chinyezi ndi kutentha, zoopsa zachitetezo monga kutulutsa kwamagetsi zitha kupewedwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti kupanga kuli kotetezeka.
4. Kukwaniritsa zofunikira za malamulo ndi muyezo
4.1 Miyezo ya Makampani: Makampani ambiri ali ndi miyezo yokhwima ya ukhondo (monga ISO 14644), ndipo kupanga kuyenera kuchitika m'zipinda zoyera zamitundu inayake. Kutsatira miyezo imeneyi sikuti ndi lamulo lokha, komanso kumasonyeza mpikisano wa makampani.
Kuti mukhale ndi benchi yoyera, shedi yoyera, zenera losamutsira madzi la laminar, chipangizo chosefera mafani FFU, zovala zoyera, chivundikiro cha madzi cha laminar, chivundikiro choyezera, chivundikiro choyera, chodziyeretsera, zinthu zosambira m'malo opumulira mpweya, ndikofunikira kusintha njira zoyezera ukhondo wa zinthu zomwe zilipo kuti zinthu ziyende bwino.
4.2 Chitsimikizo ndi kuwunika: Kupambana kuwunika kwa mabungwe a zitsimikizo a chipani chachitatu ndikupeza zitsimikizo zoyenera (monga GMP, ISO 9001, ndi zina zotero) kuti muwonjezere chidaliro cha makasitomala ndikukulitsa mwayi wopeza msika.
5. Limbikitsani luso lamakono
5.1 Thandizo la Kafukufuku ndi Chitukuko: Zipinda zoyera zimapereka malo abwino kwambiri oyesera zinthu zamakono komanso zimathandiza kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha zinthu zatsopano.
5.2 Kukonza njira: Pansi pa malo olamulidwa bwino, n'kosavuta kuwona ndikuwunika momwe kusintha kwa njira kumakhudzira magwiridwe antchito a chinthu, motero kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa njira.
6. Sinthani chithunzi cha kampani
6.1 Chitsimikizo cha khalidwe: Kukhala ndi malo abwino kwambiri opangira zinthu kungathandize kukulitsa chithunzi cha kampani ndikuwonjezera chidaliro cha makasitomala pa khalidwe la zinthu.
6.2 Mpikisano pamsika: Zinthu zomwe zingapangidwe pamalo oyera nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha khalidwe lapamwamba komanso kudalirika kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza makampani kuonekera bwino pamsika.
7. Chepetsani ndalama zokonzera ndi kukonza
7.1 Kutalikitsa nthawi ya zida: Zipangizo zopangira ndi zida zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino sizimakhudzidwa ndi dzimbiri komanso kuwonongeka, motero zimatalikitsa nthawi ya ntchito ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nthawi yokonza ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
7.2 Chepetsani kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu: Mwa kukonza bwino kapangidwe ndi kasamalidwe ka zipinda zoyera, kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
Mfundo zinayi zofunika pa kasamalidwe ka ntchito yoyera m'chipinda:
1. Musabweretse:
Chimango cha fyuluta ya hepa sichingathe kutuluka.
Kupanikizika komwe kwapangidwa kuyenera kusungidwa m'nyumba.
Ogwira ntchito ayenera kusintha zovala ndikulowa m'chipinda choyera atatha kusamba ndi mpweya.
Zipangizo zonse, zida, ndi zida zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito ziyenera kutsukidwa zisanalowetsedwe.
2. Musapange:
Antchito ayenera kuvala zovala zopanda fumbi.
Chepetsani zochita zosafunikira.
Musagwiritse ntchito zinthu zomwe n'zosavuta kupanga fumbi.
Zinthu zosafunikira sizingabweretsedwe.
3. Musasonkhanitse:
Sipayenera kukhala ngodya ndi m'mphepete mwa makina zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuyeretsa kapena kuyeretsa.
Yesetsani kuchepetsa njira zotulutsira mpweya, mapaipi amadzi, ndi zina zotero zomwe zili mkati.
Kuyeretsa kuyenera kuchitika motsatira njira zokhazikika komanso nthawi zoikidwiratu.
4. Chotsani nthawi yomweyo:
Wonjezerani kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa mpweya.
Utsi pafupi ndi gawo lopangira fumbi.
Konzani mawonekedwe a mpweya kuti fumbi lisamamatire ku chinthucho.
Mwachidule, kuwongolera chilengedwe m'zipinda zoyera ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino, kukonza bwino ntchito yopangira, kuteteza thanzi la ogwira ntchito ndi chitetezo, kukwaniritsa zofunikira pa malamulo, kulimbikitsa luso laukadaulo, komanso kukulitsa chithunzi cha kampani. Makampani ayenera kuganizira bwino izi pomanga ndi kusamalira zipinda zoyera kuti atsimikizire kuti zipinda zoyera zitha kukwaniritsa zosowa za kupanga ndi kafukufuku ndi chitukuko.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-12-2024