MMENE MUNGAPANGIRE CHIPINDA CHOYERA CHA MANKHWALA?

Kapangidwe ka chipinda choyeretsera mankhwala: Fakitale ya mankhwala imagawidwa m'magawo awiri: malo opangira mankhwala ndi malo othandizira opangira. Malo opangira mankhwala amagawidwa m'magawo awiri: malo opangira mankhwala oyera ndi malo opangira mankhwala ambiri. Ngakhale kuti ndi onse, pali zofunikira za ukhondo ndipo palibe zofunikira za ukhondo monga kupanga API, kuyaka maantibayotiki ndi kuyeretsa.

Gawo la malo opangira zomera: Malo opangira mafakitale ali ndi malo oyera opangira zinthu ndi malo ochitira zinthu onse. Malo opangira zinthu mufakitale ayenera kulekanitsidwa ndi malo oyang'anira ndi malo okhala, okonzedwa bwino, ndi malo oyenera, ndipo sayenera kusokonezana. Kapangidwe ka malo opangira zinthu kayenera kuganizira kulowa kwa antchito ndi zipangizo zosiyana, kulumikizana kwa ogwira ntchito ndi zinthu, kulumikizana kwa kayendedwe ka ntchito, ndi kugwirizana kwa ukhondo. Malo opangira zinthu oyera ayenera kukhala pamalo oyera mufakitale, ndipo ogwira ntchito ndi zinthu zosafunikira sizidutsa kapena kudutsa pang'ono. Malo opangira zinthu onsewa akuphatikizapo kukonzekera madzi, kudula mabotolo, kutsuka kosalala, kuyeretsa, kuyang'ana kuwala, kulongedza ndi malo ena ochitira zinthu komanso malo oyendera alendo kuti apange API, kuyatsa maantibayotiki, kuchotsa madzi a mankhwala aku China, ufa, premix, disinfectant, ndi jakisoni wopakidwa. Malo opangira zinthu a API a chipinda choyera cha mankhwala chomwe chili ndi API synthesis, komanso madera omwe ali ndi kuipitsidwa kwakukulu monga kukonza zinyalala ndi chipinda chotenthetsera, ayenera kuyikidwa mbali yotseguka ya dera lomwe lili ndi mphepo yambiri chaka chonse.

Mfundo zokhazikitsira zipinda zoyera (malo) zomwe zili ndi mulingo wofanana wa kuyeretsa mpweya ziyenera kukhala zokhazikika. Zipinda zoyera (malo) zomwe zili ndi mulingo wosiyana wa kuyeretsa mpweya ziyenera kukonzedwa, mkati ndi kunja kukhale kotsika malinga ndi mulingo wa kuyeretsa mpweya, ndipo ziyenera kukhala ndi chipangizo chosonyeza kusiyana kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya kapena makina owunikira.

Zipinda Zoyera (Malo): Zipinda Zoyera (Malo) zokhala ndi mpweya wokwanira ziyenera kukonzedwa momwe zingathere m'malo omwe alibe zosokoneza zakunja komanso ogwira ntchito osafunikira kwenikweni, ndipo ziyenera kukhala pafupi ndi chipinda choziziritsira mpweya momwe zingathere. Zipinda (Malo) zokhala ndi milingo yosiyana ya ukhondo zikakhala zogwirizana (anthu ndi zipangizo zolowera ndi zotuluka), ziyenera kusamalidwa molingana ndi muyeso wa kuyeretsa anthu ndi kuyeretsa katundu.

Malo osungiramo zinthu zoyera: Malo osungiramo zinthu zopangira ndi zothandizira, zinthu zomalizidwa pang'ono ndi zinthu zomalizidwa m'chipinda choyera (malo) ayenera kukhala pafupi momwe angathere ndi malo opangira zinthu zokhudzana ndi izi kuti achepetse kusakaniza ndi kuipitsidwa panthawi yotumizira.

Mankhwala oletsa ziwengo kwambiri: Kupanga mankhwala oletsa ziwengo kwambiri monga penicillin ndi β-lactam kuyenera kukhala ndi malo ochitira zinthu zoyera, malo ogwirira ntchito, ndi makina oyeretsera mpweya wodziyimira pawokha. Zinthu zamoyo: Zinthu zamoyo ziyenera kukhala ndi malo awo opangira (zipinda), malo osungiramo zinthu kapena zida zosungiramo zinthu malinga ndi mtundu, mtundu ndi njira zopangira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mankhwala azitsamba aku China: Kusamalira, kuchotsa, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala azitsamba aku China, komanso kutsuka kapena kuchiza ziwalo ndi minofu ya nyama ziyenera kulekanitsidwa mosamala ndi zomwe zakonzedwa. Chipinda chokonzekera ndi chipinda choyezera zitsanzo: Zipinda zoyera (malo) ziyenera kukhala ndi zipinda zokonzekera zosiyana ndi zipinda zoyezera zitsanzo, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ukhondo wawo ndi kofanana ndi kwa zipinda zoyera (malo) komwe zipangizozo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba. Pazinthu zomwe ziyenera kuyesedwa pamalo oyera, chipinda choyezera zitsanzo chiyenera kukhazikitsidwa pamalo osungira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ukhondo wa mpweya wa chilengedwe kuyenera kukhala kofanana ndi kwa malo oyera (chipinda) komwe zipangizozo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba. Opanga mankhwala azinyama opanda mikhalidwe yotere amatha kutenga zitsanzo m'chipinda choyezera, koma ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zili pamwambapa. Zipinda zoyera (malo) ziyenera kukhala ndi zipangizo zosiyana komanso zipinda zoyeretsera zosungiramo zinthu.

Zipangizo ndi zipinda zotsukira ziwiya za zipinda zoyera (malo) pansi pa kalasi 10,000 zitha kuyikidwa m'derali, ndipo mulingo wa kuyeretsa mpweya ndi wofanana ndi wa m'derali. Zipangizo ndi ziwiya za m'kalasi 100 ndi m'kalasi 10,000 zoyera ziyenera kutsukidwa kunja kwa chipinda choyera, ndipo mulingo wa kuyeretsa mpweya wa chipinda choyeretsera usakhale wotsika kuposa kalasi 10,000. Ngati ziyenera kuyikidwa m'chipinda choyera (malo), mulingo wa kuyeretsa mpweya uyenera kukhala wofanana ndi wa m'derali. Ziyenera kuumitsidwa mutatsuka. Ziwiya zolowa m'chipinda choyera choyera ziyenera kutsukidwa kapena kutsukidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, chipinda chosungiramo zida ndi ziwiya ziyenera kuyikidwa, chomwe chiyenera kukhala chofanana ndi chipinda choyeretsera, kapena kabati yosungiramo zinthu iyenera kuyikidwa m'chipinda choyeretsera. Kuyeretsa mpweya wake sikuyenera kukhala kotsika kuposa kalasi 100,000.

Zipangizo zoyeretsera: Chipinda chotsukira ndi chosungiramo zinthu chiyenera kuyikidwa kunja kwa malo oyera. Ngati pakufunika kuyikidwa m'chipinda choyera (malo), mulingo wake wa kuyeretsa mpweya uyenera kukhala wofanana ndi wa m'deralo, ndipo njira ziyenera kutengedwa kuti tipewe kuipitsa mpweya.

Zovala zoyera zogwirira ntchito: Zipinda zochapira, kuumitsa ndi kuyeretsa zovala zoyera zogwirira ntchito m'madera a kalasi 100,000 ndi kupitirira apo ziyenera kuyikidwa mu chipinda choyera (malo), ndipo ukhondo wawo suyenera kukhala wotsika kuposa kalasi 300,000. Chipinda chosankhira ndi chipinda choyeretsera zovala zoyera ziyenera kukhala ndi ukhondo wofanana ndi chipinda choyera (malo) kumene zovala zoyera izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zovala zogwirira ntchito m'madera omwe ali ndi ukhondo wosiyana siziyenera kusakanikirana.

Zipinda zotsukira za ogwira ntchito: Zipinda zotsukira za ogwira ntchito zimaphatikizapo zipinda zosinthira nsapato, zipinda zosinthira zovala, zimbudzi, malo otsekera mpweya, ndi zina zotero. Zimbudzi, zipinda zosambira, ndi zimbudzi ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa malinga ndi zofunikira ndipo siziyenera kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa pamalo oyera.