Kubadwa kwa chipinda choyera
Kubuka ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo wonse kumachitika chifukwa cha zosowa za kupanga. Ukadaulo wa zipinda zoyera ndi wosiyana. Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, ma gyroscope okhala ndi mpweya omwe amapangidwa ku United States kuti ayendetse ndege adayenera kukonzedwanso pafupifupi nthawi 120 pa ma gyroscope 10 aliwonse chifukwa cha khalidwe losakhazikika. Pa Nkhondo ya ku Korea Peninsula kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, zida zamagetsi zoposa miliyoni imodzi zidasinthidwa mu zida zamagetsi 160,000 ku United States. Kulephera kwa radar kunachitika 84% ya nthawi, ndipo kulephera kwa sonar ya sitima yapamadzi kunachitika 48% ya nthawi. Chifukwa chake ndichakuti zida zamagetsi ndi zida zake zili ndi kudalirika kochepa komanso khalidwe losakhazikika. Asilikali ndi opanga adafufuza zomwe zidayambitsa vutoli ndipo pamapeto pake adapeza kuchokera mbali zambiri kuti zinali zokhudzana ndi malo opangira zinthu osayera. Ngakhale kuti palibe ndalama zomwe zidasungidwa ndipo njira zosiyanasiyana zolimba zidatengedwa kuti atseke malo opangira zinthu, zotsatira zake zinali zochepa. Chifukwa chake ichi chinali chiyambi cha chipinda choyera!
Kupanga zipinda zoyera
Gawo loyamba: Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, HEPA-High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter, yomwe idapangidwa bwino ndi US Atomic Energy Commission mu 1951 kuti ithetse vuto logwira fumbi la radioactive lomwe ndi loopsa kwa anthu, idagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina operekera zinthu zopangira. Kusefa mpweya kunabweretsadi chipinda choyera chokhala ndi tanthauzo lamakono.
Gawo lachiwiri: Mu 1961, Willis Whitfield, wofufuza wamkulu ku Sandia National Laboratories ku United States, adapereka lingaliro la zomwe zinkatchedwa kuyenda kwa laminar panthawiyo, ndipo tsopano zimatchedwa kuyenda kwa unidirectional. (kuyenda kwa unidirectional) dongosolo lokonzekera kuyenda kwa mpweya woyera ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito pamapulojekiti enieni. Kuyambira pamenepo, chipinda choyera chafika pamlingo wosayerekezeka wa ukhondo.
Gawo lachitatu: M'chaka chomwecho, US Air Force inapanga ndikupereka muyezo woyamba padziko lonse wa zipinda zoyera za TO-00-25--203 Air Force Directive "Muyezo wa Kapangidwe ndi Makhalidwe Ogwirira Ntchito a Zipinda Zoyera ndi Mabenchi Oyera." Pachifukwa ichi, muyezo wa federal wa US FED-STD-209, womwe unagawa zipinda zoyera m'magawo atatu, unalengezedwa mu Disembala 1963. Mpaka pano, chitsanzo cha ukadaulo wangwiro wa zipinda zoyera wapangidwa.
Zinthu zitatu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zili pamwambapa nthawi zambiri zimayamikiridwa ngati zinthu zitatu zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya chitukuko cha zipinda zoyera zamakono.
Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960, zipinda zoyera zinkaonekera m'magawo osiyanasiyana a mafakitale ku United States. Sizinkagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani ankhondo okha, komanso zinkalimbikitsidwa m'mafakitale amagetsi, ma optics, ma micro bearing, ma micro motors, mafilimu oonera kuwala, ma reagents a mankhwala oyera kwambiri ndi magawo ena a mafakitale, zomwe zinkathandiza kwambiri pakulimbikitsa chitukuko cha sayansi, ukadaulo ndi mafakitale panthawiyo. Pachifukwa ichi, zotsatirazi ndi chiyambi chatsatanetsatane cha mayiko akunyumba ndi akunja.
Kuyerekeza chitukuko
Kunja: Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, pofuna kuthetsa vuto lotenga fumbi la radioactive lomwe limavulaza thupi la munthu, bungwe la US Atomic Energy Commission linayambitsa fyuluta ya mpweya ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono (HEPA) mu 1950, yomwe inakhala chinthu choyamba chofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya chitukuko cha ukadaulo woyera. Mu zaka za m'ma 1960, zipinda zoyera zinayamba kugwira ntchito m'makina olondola amagetsi ndi mafakitale ena ku United States. Nthawi yomweyo, njira yosinthira ukadaulo wa zipinda zoyera zamafakitale kupita kuzipinda zoyera zamoyo inayamba. Mu 1961, chipinda choyera cha laminar flow (unidirectional flow) chinabadwa. Muyezo woyamba padziko lonse wa zipinda zoyera - US Air Force Technical Doctrine 203 unapangidwa. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, cholinga chachikulu cha kumanga zipinda zoyera chinayamba kusamukira ku mafakitale azachipatala, mankhwala, chakudya ndi biochemical. Kuphatikiza pa United States, mayiko ena otukuka kwambiri monga Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Soviet Union wakale, Netherlands, ndi zina zotero amaikanso kufunika kwakukulu ndikukula mwamphamvu ukadaulo woyera. Pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1980, United States ndi Japan adapanga bwino zosefera zatsopano za ultra-hepa zokhala ndi cholinga chosefera cha 0.1 μm ndi mphamvu yosonkhanitsa ya 99.99%. Pomaliza, zipinda zoyera kwambiri za ultra-hepa zokhala ndi 0.1μm level 10 ndi 0.1μm level 1 zinamangidwa, zomwe zinabweretsa chitukuko cha ukadaulo woyera mu nthawi yatsopano.
China: Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, zaka khumi izi zinali chiyambi ndi maziko a ukadaulo wa zipinda zoyera ku China. Patatha zaka pafupifupi khumi kuposa kunja kwa dziko. Unali nthawi yapadera komanso yovuta kwambiri, yokhala ndi chuma chofooka komanso yopanda mgwirizano wamphamvu wa mayiko. Pansi pa zovuta zotere komanso zosowa za makina olondola, zida zoyendera ndege ndi mafakitale amagetsi, ogwira ntchito zaukadaulo wa zipinda zoyera ku China adayamba ulendo wawo wochita bizinesi. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, ukadaulo wa zipinda zoyera ku China unakhala ndi gawo lotukuka bwino. Pakukula kwa ukadaulo wa zipinda zoyera ku China, zinthu zambiri zofunika komanso zofunika kwambiri zinayamba pafupifupi panthawiyi. Zizindikiro zafika pamlingo waukadaulo wa mayiko akunja m'zaka za m'ma 1980. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 mpaka pano, chuma cha China chakhala chikukula bwino komanso mwachangu, ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi zapitilizidwa kuyikidwa, ndipo magulu angapo apadziko lonse lapansi amanga mafakitale ambiri amagetsi ku China motsatizana. Chifukwa chake, ukadaulo wa m'nyumba ndi ofufuza ali ndi mwayi wochulukirapo wolumikizana mwachindunji ndi malingaliro a kapangidwe ka zipinda zakunja zoyera zapamwamba, ndikumvetsetsa zida ndi zida zapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi, kasamalidwe ndi kukonza, ndi zina zotero.
Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo, makampani aku China oyeretsa zipinda akukula mofulumira. Miyezo ya moyo wa anthu ikupitirirabe kukwera, ndipo zofunikira zawo pa malo okhala ndi moyo wabwino zikukwera kwambiri. Ukadaulo wa uinjiniya wa zipinda zoyera wasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono kuti ukhale woyeretsa mpweya m'nyumba. Pakadali pano, mapulojekiti aku China oyeretsa zipinda sali oyenera zamagetsi, zida zamagetsi, mankhwala, chakudya, kafukufuku wasayansi ndi mafakitale ena okha, komanso angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'nyumba, malo osangalalira anthu onse, m'mabungwe ophunzitsa, ndi zina zotero. Ndi chitukuko chopitilira cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo, makampani oyeretsa zipinda afalikira pang'onopang'ono ku mabanja ambiri. Kukula kwa makampani opanga zida zoyeretsa zipinda m'nyumba kwakulanso tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo anthu ayamba kusangalala pang'onopang'ono ndi zotsatira za uinjiniya wa zipinda zoyera.
Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-20-2023