MUKUDZIWA BWANJI ZA CLEAN ROOM?

Kubadwa kwa chipinda choyera

Kuwonekera ndi chitukuko cha matekinoloje onse ndi chifukwa cha zosowa za kupanga. Ukadaulo wapachipinda choyera ndi chimodzimodzi. Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, makina onyamula mpweya opangidwa ndi mpweya opangidwa ku United States kuti ayendetse ndege ankafunika kukonzedwanso ka 120 pa ma gyroscope 10 aliwonse chifukwa cha kusakhazikika bwino. Panthawi ya nkhondo ya ku Peninsula ya Korea kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, zida zamagetsi zoposa milioni zidasinthidwa mu zipangizo zamagetsi zamagetsi za 160,000 ku United States. Kulephera kwa radar kunachitika 84% ya nthawiyo, ndipo kulephera kwa sitima zapamadzi kunachitika 48% ya nthawiyo. Chifukwa chake ndi chakuti zida zamagetsi ndi zigawo zake zimakhala zodalirika komanso zosakhazikika. Asilikali ndi opanga adafufuza chifukwa chake ndipo pamapeto pake adatsimikiza kuchokera kuzinthu zambiri kuti chinali chokhudzana ndi malo opangira odetsedwa. Ngakhale kuti palibe ndalama zomwe zidasungidwa ndipo njira zingapo zokhwima zidatengedwa kuti atseke msonkhano wopanga, zotsatira zake zinali zochepa. Kotero uku kunali kubadwa kwa chipinda choyera!

Chitukuko choyera cha chipinda

Gawo loyamba: Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, Sefa ya HEPA-High Efficiency Particulate Air, yomwe idapangidwa bwino ndi US Atomic Energy Commission mu 1951 kuti athetse vuto logwira fumbi la radioactive lomwe limavulaza anthu, linagwiritsidwa ntchito ku dongosolo loperekera. za workshops zopanga. Kusefera kwa mpweya kunabaladi chipinda choyera chokhala ndi tanthauzo lamakono.

Gawo lachiŵiri: Mu 1961, Willis Whitfield, wofufuza wamkulu pa Sandia National Laboratories ku United States, anapereka lingaliro limene panthaŵiyo linkatchedwa laminar flow, ndipo tsopano limatchedwa unidirectional flow. (unidirectional flow) dongosolo loyera la kayendedwe ka mpweya ndikugwiritsira ntchito ma projekiti enieni. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, chipinda chaukhondocho chafika paukhondo kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.

Gawo lachitatu: M'chaka chomwechi, US Air Force inapanga ndikupereka chipinda choyamba choyera padziko lonse lapansi TO-00-25--203 Air Force Directive "Standard for Design and Operational Characters of Clean Rooms and Clean Bench." Pazifukwa izi, US federal standard FED-STD-209, yomwe idagawa zipinda zoyera m'magulu atatu, idalengezedwa mu Disembala 1963. Pakadali pano, chiwonetsero chaukadaulo wachipinda choyera chapangidwa.

Kupita patsogolo kofunikira kutatu komwe kumatchulidwa nthawi zambiri kumayamikiridwa ngati zochitika zazikulu zitatu m'mbiri ya chitukuko chamakono cha zipinda zoyera.

Chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 1960, zipinda zoyera zinali kuonekera m’mafakitale osiyanasiyana ku United States. Sizinangogwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani ankhondo, komanso zidakwezedwa mumagetsi, ma optics, ma fani yaying'ono, ma motors yaying'ono, mafilimu owonetsa zithunzi, ma reagents amankhwala amtundu wa ultrapure ndi magawo ena amakampani, amathandizira kwambiri kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha sayansi, ukadaulo ndi mafakitale. nthawi imeneyo. Kuti izi zitheke, zotsatirazi ndizofotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za mayiko akunja ndi akunja.

Kuyerekeza kwachitukuko

Kudziko Lakunja: Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, pofuna kuthetsa vuto logwira fumbi la radioactive lomwe limakhala lovulaza thupi la munthu, bungwe la US Atomic Energy Commission linayambitsa makina apamwamba kwambiri a mpweya (HEPA) mu 1950, yomwe inakhala chochitika choyamba mu mbiri ya chitukuko cha luso laukhondo. M’zaka za m’ma 1960, zipinda zaukhondo zinayambika m’makina olondola kwambiri amagetsi ndi m’mafakitale ena ku United States. Nthawi yomweyo, njira yosinthira ukadaulo wachipinda choyera m'mafakitale kupita kuzipinda zoyera za biology idayamba. Mu 1961, chipinda choyera cha laminar (unidirectional flow) chinabadwa. Muyezo wakale kwambiri padziko lapansi wa zipinda zoyera - US Air Force Technical Doctrine 203 idapangidwa. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, ntchito yomanga zipinda zoyera inayamba kupita ku mafakitale azachipatala, mankhwala, chakudya ndi biochemical. Kuwonjezera pa United States, mayiko ena otukuka m’mafakitale monga Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Soviet Union wakale, Netherlands, ndi zina zotero, nawonso amaona kufunika kwambiri ndi mwakhama kupanga umisiri woyera. Pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1980, dziko la United States ndi Japan linapanga bwino zosefera zatsopano za ultra-hepa zomwe zimakhala ndi 0.1 μm ndi kusonkhanitsa bwino kwa 99.99%. Pomaliza, zipinda zoyera za ultra-hepa zokhala ndi 0.1μm level 10 ndi 0.1μm level 1 zidamangidwa, zomwe zidabweretsa chitukuko chaukadaulo waukhondo munyengo yatsopano.

China: Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, zaka khumi izi zinali chiyambi ndi maziko a luso lamakono la chipinda cha China. Pafupifupi zaka khumi pambuyo pake kuposa kunja. Inali nthawi yapadera komanso yovuta, yomwe inali ndi chuma chofooka komanso panalibe zokambirana za mayiko amphamvu. Pazifukwa zovuta zotere komanso mozungulira zofunikira zamakina olondola, zida zowulutsira ndege ndi mafakitale apakompyuta, ogwira ntchito zaukadaulo waku China aku China adayamba ulendo wawo wazamalonda. Kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, ukadaulo wapachipinda choyera waku China udachita bwino kwambiri. Pakukula kwaukadaulo wachipinda choyera cha China, zinthu zambiri zodziwika bwino komanso zofunika kwambiri zidabadwa panthawiyi. Zizindikiro zafika pa luso la mayiko akunja mu 1980s. Kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 mpaka pano, chuma cha China chakhazikika komanso chikukula mwachangu, ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi zikupitilirabe, ndipo magulu angapo amitundu yosiyanasiyana amanga motsatizana mafakitole ambiri amagetsi ku China. Chifukwa chake, ukadaulo wapakhomo ndi ofufuza ali ndi mwayi wolumikizana mwachindunji ndi malingaliro apangidwe a zipinda zoyera zapamwamba zakunja, ndikumvetsetsa zida zapamwamba ndi zida zapadziko lonse lapansi, kasamalidwe ndi kukonza, etc.

Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi teknoloji, makampani a chipinda choyera ku China akukulanso mofulumira. Miyezo ya moyo wa anthu ikupitabe patsogolo, ndipo zofunika pakukhala ndi moyo wabwino zikuchulukirachulukira. Ukadaulo waukadaulo wapachipinda choyera wasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono kuyeretsa mpweya wapanyumba. Pakali pano, ntchito zoyera za chipinda cha China sizili zoyenera pamagetsi, zipangizo zamagetsi, mankhwala, chakudya, kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi mafakitale ena, komanso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba, malo osangalatsa a anthu, mabungwe a maphunziro, etc. Ndi chitukuko chokhazikika za sayansi ndi ukadaulo, makampani okonza zipinda zoyera afalikira pang'onopang'ono ku mabanja masauzande ambiri. Kukula kwamakampani opanga zida zoyeretsera m'nyumba kwakulanso tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo anthu ayamba kusangalala pang'onopang'ono ndi ntchito yokonza zipinda zoyera.