Kubadwa kwa chipinda choyera
Kuwonekera ndi chitukuko cha matekinoloje onse ndi chifukwa cha zosowa zopanga. Tekinoloje ya Cleanroom ndizosiyana. Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, dziko la United States linapanga makina opangira ma gyroscope oyandama oyenda pa ndege. Chifukwa cha kusakhazikika, ma gyroscopes 10 aliwonse amayenera kukonzedwanso nthawi 120. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya ku Korea kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1950, dziko la United States linasintha zinthu zambiri pakompyuta pazigawo 160,000 zapakompyuta. Ma radars adalephera 84% ya nthawiyo ndipo ma sonars apamadzi adalephera 48% ya nthawiyo. Chifukwa chake ndikuti kudalirika kwa zida zamagetsi ndi zigawo zake ndizosauka komanso mtundu wake ndi wosakhazikika. Asilikali ndi opanga adafufuza zifukwazo ndipo pamapeto pake adatsimikiza kuchokera kuzinthu zambiri kuti zinali zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe chodetsedwa chopanga. Ngakhale njira zosiyanasiyana zokhwima zidatengedwa kuti atseke msonkhano wopanga panthawiyo, zotsatira zake zinali zochepa. Ndiye uku ndikubadwa kwa chipinda choyera!
Kukula kwa ukhondo
Gawo loyamba
Sizinali mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950 pamene HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter) yopangidwa ndi US Atomic Energy Commission mu 1951 kuti athetse vuto logwira fumbi la radioactive lomwe limavulaza thupi la munthu linagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kusefera kwa mpweya wa mpweya. zopangira zopangira, ndipo chipinda choyeretsera chamakono chidabadwadi.
Gawo lachiwiri
Mu 1961, Willis Whitfield, wofufuza wamkulu ku Sandia National Laboratories ku United States, adakonza dongosolo la bungwe loyendetsa mpweya wabwino, lomwe panthawiyo limadziwika kuti laminar flow, lomwe tsopano limatchedwa kuti unidirectional flow, ndikuligwiritsa ntchito paukadaulo weniweni. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, zipinda zaukhondo zafika paukhondo kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.
Gawo lachitatu
M'chaka chomwecho, US Air Force inapanga ndikupereka chipinda choyamba choyera padziko lonse lapansi TO-00-25--203 Air Force Directive "Design and Operation Characteristics Standards for Cleanroom and Clean.Bench". Pazifukwa izi, US Federal Standard FED-STD-209, yomwe imagawa zipinda zoyera m'magulu atatu, idalengezedwa mu December 1963. Pakalipano, chitsanzo cha luso lamakono lamakono lamakono lapangidwa.
Zopita patsogolo zazikuluzitatu zomwe zili pamwambazi nthawi zambiri zimayamikiridwa ngati zochitika zazikulu zitatu m'mbiri ya chitukuko chamakono cha zipinda zoyera.
Chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 1960, zipinda zaukhondo zinayambika m’mafakitale osiyanasiyana ku United States. Sichimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani ankhondo okha, komanso amalimbikitsidwa mumagetsi, ma optics, mayendedwe ang'onoang'ono, ma motors yaying'ono, mafilimu owonetsa zithunzi, ma reagents amankhwala amtundu wa ultrapure ndi magawo ena amakampani, omwe adathandizira kwambiri kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha sayansi ndiukadaulo ndi mafakitale. panthawi imeneyo. Pachifukwa ichi, zotsatirazi ndizofotokozera mwatsatanetsatane kunyumba ndi kunja.
Kuyerekeza kwachitukuko
Kunja
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, bungwe la US Atomic Energy Commission linayambitsa makina apamwamba kwambiri a mpweya (HEPA) mu 1950 kuti athetse vuto logwira fumbi la radioactive lomwe limavulaza thupi la munthu, kukhala chochitika choyamba m'mbiri ya chitukuko chaukadaulo chaukhondo. .
Chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960, zipinda zoyeretsa m'mafakitale monga makina olondola kwambiri amagetsi ku United States zidamera ngati bowa mvula itatha, ndipo nthawi yomweyo idayambanso kuyika ukadaulo woyeretsa m'mafakitale kupita ku zipinda zoyeretsa zachilengedwe. Mu 1961, chipinda choyera cha laminar (unidirectional flow) chinabadwa. Muyezo wakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi woyeretsa - US Air Force Technical Regulations 203 idapangidwa.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, ntchito yomanga zipinda zoyera idayamba kupita ku mafakitale azachipatala, azamankhwala, azakudya komanso azachilengedwe. Kuwonjezera pa United States, mayiko ena otsogola a maindasitale, monga Japan, Germany, Britain, France, Switzerland, yomwe kale inali Soviet Union, ndi Netherlands, nawonso aona kuti luso laumisiri loyeretsa m’zipinda n’lofunika kwambiri.
Pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1980, United States ndi Japan apanga bwino zosefera zatsopano zotsogola kwambiri zokhala ndi zinthu zosefera za 0.1μm komanso kujambula bwino kwa 99.99%. Pomaliza, zipinda zoyera kwambiri za 0.1μm level 10 ndi 0.1μm level 1 zidamangidwa, zomwe zidabweretsa chitukuko chaukadaulo wapanyumba munyengo yatsopano.
Wapakhomo
Kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, zaka khumi izi zinali chiyambi ndi maziko aukadaulo waku China. Panali pafupifupi zaka khumi pambuyo pake kuposa mayiko akunja. Inali nthawi yapadera komanso yovuta, yokhala ndi chuma chofooka komanso palibe zokambirana ndi mayiko amphamvu. Pazifukwa zovuta zotere, mozungulira zofunikira zamakina olondola, zida zowulutsira ndege ndi mafakitale apamagetsi, ogwira ntchito zaukadaulo waku China aku China adayamba ulendo wawo wazamalonda.
Kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, m'zaka khumi izi, ukadaulo wapachipinda choyeretsa ku China udachita bwino kwambiri. Pakukula kwaukadaulo waku China wakuyeretsa chipinda, zinthu zambiri zodziwika bwino komanso zofunikira zidatsala pang'ono kubadwa panthawiyi. Zizindikiro zinafika pa luso la mayiko akunja mu 1980s.
Kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, chuma cha China chakhala chikukula mokhazikika komanso mwachangu, ndikuyika ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi mosalekeza, ndipo magulu angapo amitundu yosiyanasiyana adamanga motsatizana mafakitale ang'onoang'ono ku China. Chifukwa chake, ukadaulo wapakhomo ndi ofufuza ali ndi mwayi wolumikizana mwachindunji ndi malingaliro apangidwe a chipinda choyera chakunja, kumvetsetsa zida zapamwamba ndi zida zapadziko lonse lapansi, kasamalidwe ndi kukonza, etc.
Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo, mabizinesi aku China oyeretsa atukukanso mwachangu.
Pamene mikhalidwe ya anthu ikupitabe patsogolo, zofunikira pakukhala ndi moyo wabwino zikuchulukirachulukira, komansochipinda choyeraukadaulo waukadaulo wagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono pakuyeretsa mpweya wapanyumba. Pakadali pano,China's chipinda choyerauinjiniya si ntchito pa zamagetsi, zida zamagetsi, mankhwala, chakudya, kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi mafakitale ena, komanso mwina kupita kunyumba, zosangalatsa anthu ndi malo ena, mabungwe maphunziro, etc. The mosalekeza chitukuko cha sayansi ndi luso pang'onopang'ono kulimbikitsachipinda choyeramakampani opanga mainjiniya ku mabanja masauzande ambiri, komanso kukula kwapakhomochipinda choyeramafakitale nawonso wakula, ndipo anthu ayamba kusangalala pang'onopang'ono zotsatira zachipinda choyerauinjiniya.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-22-2024