KODI MUKUDZIWA ZA CHIPINDA CHAUTSU?

Kubadwa kwa chipinda choyera

Kubuka ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo wonse kumachitika chifukwa cha zosowa zopangira. Ukadaulo wa Cleanroom ndi wosiyana. Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, United States idapanga ma gyroscope oyandama mumlengalenga kuti azitha kuyendetsa ndege. Chifukwa cha khalidwe losakhazikika, ma gyroscope 10 aliwonse adayenera kukonzedwanso pafupifupi nthawi 120. Pa Nkhondo ya Korea kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, United States idasintha zida zamagetsi zoposa miliyoni imodzi m'zida zamagetsi 160,000. Ma radar adalephera 84% ya nthawi ndipo ma sonar a sitima zapamadzi adalephera 48% ya nthawi. Chifukwa chake ndichakuti kudalirika kwa zida zamagetsi ndi zida zake ndi koipa ndipo khalidwe lake ndi losakhazikika. Asilikali ndi opanga adafufuza zifukwa zake ndipo pamapeto pake adatsimikiza kuchokera mbali zambiri kuti zinali zokhudzana ndi malo opangira zinthu osayera. Ngakhale kuti njira zosiyanasiyana zokhwima zidatengedwa kuti atseke malo opangira zinthu panthawiyo, zotsatira zake zinali zochepa. Chifukwa chake uku ndiye kubadwa kwa cleanroom!

Kupanga chipinda choyera

Gawo loyamba

Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter) yomwe idapangidwa ndi US Atomic Energy Commission mu 1951 kuti ithetse vuto lotenga fumbi la radioactive lomwe ndi loopsa kwa thupi la munthu linagwiritsidwa ntchito kusefa mpweya m'malo opangira zinthu, ndipo chipinda chotsukira chamakono chinayambadi.

Gawo lachiwiri

Mu 1961, Willis Whitfield, wofufuza wamkulu ku Sandia National Laboratories ku United States, adapereka ndondomeko yokonza kayendedwe ka mpweya woyera, yomwe panthawiyo inkatchedwa kayendedwe ka laminar, komwe tsopano kumatchedwa kayendedwe ka unidirectional, ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito paukadaulo weniweni. Kuyambira pamenepo, zipinda zoyera zafika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri waukhondo.

Gawo lachitatu

Mu chaka chomwecho, US Air Force inapanga ndikupereka muyezo woyamba padziko lonse wa chipinda choyera cha TO-00-25--203 Air Force Directive "Miyezo ya Kapangidwe ndi Makhalidwe Ogwirira Ntchito a Chipinda Choyera ndi ChoyeraBPachifukwa ichi, US Federal Standard FED-STD-209, yomwe imagawa chipinda choyera m'magawo atatu, idalengezedwa mu Disembala 1963. Mpaka pano, chitsanzo cha ukadaulo wathunthu wa chipinda choyera chapangidwa.

Kupita patsogolo kwakukulu katatu komwe kwatchulidwa pamwambapa nthawi zambiri kumayamikiridwa ngati zinthu zitatu zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya chitukuko cha zipinda zoyera zamakono.

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960, zipinda zoyera zinayamba kugwira ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana ku United States. Sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani ankhondo okha, komanso zimalimbikitsidwa m'mafakitale amagetsi, ma optics, ma micro bearing, ma micro motors, mafilimu oonera kuwala, ma reagents a mankhwala oyera kwambiri ndi magawo ena a mafakitale, zomwe zidathandiza kwambiri pakulimbikitsa chitukuko cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo ndi mafakitale panthawiyo. Pachifukwa ichi, zotsatirazi ndi mawu oyamba mwatsatanetsatane kunyumba ndi kunja.

Kuyerekeza kwa Chitukuko

Kunja

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, bungwe la US Atomic Energy Commission linayambitsa fyuluta ya mpweya yothandiza kwambiri (HEPA) mu 1950 kuti athetse vuto logwira fumbi la radioactive lomwe ndi loopsa kwa thupi la munthu, kukhala chinthu choyamba chofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya chitukuko cha ukadaulo woyera.

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960, malo oyeretsera m'mafakitale monga makina olondola amagetsi ku United States adakula ngati bowa mvula itatha, ndipo nthawi yomweyo adayamba njira yosinthira ukadaulo wa malo oyeretsera m'mafakitale kupita ku malo oyeretsera achilengedwe. Mu 1961, malo oyeretsera oyenda pang'onopang'ono (umodzi wa kayendedwe) adabadwa. Muyezo woyamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wa malo oyeretsera - US Air Force Technical Regulations 203 unakhazikitsidwa.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, cholinga chachikulu cha kumanga zipinda zoyera chinayamba kusamukira ku mafakitale azachipatala, mankhwala, chakudya ndi mankhwala. Kuwonjezera pa United States, mayiko ena otukuka, monga Japan, Germany, Britain, France, Switzerland, Soviet Union wakale, ndi Netherlands, nawonso aika patsogolo kwambiri ukadaulo wa zipinda zoyera komanso akukulitsa mwamphamvu.

Pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1980, United States ndi Japan apanga bwino zosefera zatsopano zogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri zokhala ndi chinthu chosefera cha 0.1μm ndi mphamvu yojambula ya 99.99%. Pomaliza, zipinda zoyera zapamwamba kwambiri za 0.1μm level 10 ndi 0.1μm level 1 zinamangidwa, zomwe zinabweretsa chitukuko cha ukadaulo wa zipinda zoyera mu nthawi yatsopano.

Zapakhomo

Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, zaka khumi izi zinali chiyambi ndi maziko a ukadaulo wa zipinda zoyera ku China. Zinali pafupifupi zaka khumi pambuyo pa mayiko akunja. Inali nthawi yapadera komanso yovuta, yokhala ndi chuma chofooka komanso yopanda zokambirana ndi mayiko amphamvu. Pansi pa zovuta zotere, mozungulira zosowa za makina olondola, zida zoyendera ndege ndi mafakitale amagetsi, ogwira ntchito zaukadaulo wa zipinda zoyera ku China adayamba ulendo wawo wochita bizinesi.

Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, m'zaka khumi izi, ukadaulo wa zipinda zoyera ku China unakula bwino kwambiri. Pakukula kwa ukadaulo wa zipinda zoyera ku China, zinthu zambiri zofunika komanso zofunika kwambiri zinayamba kuchitika pagawoli. Zizindikiro zinafika pamlingo waukadaulo wa mayiko akunja m'zaka za m'ma 1980.

Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, chuma cha China chakhala chikukula mofulumira komanso mokhazikika, ndi ndalama zokhazikika zapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo magulu angapo ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana amanga mafakitale ambiri amagetsi ku China motsatizana. Chifukwa chake, ukadaulo wapakhomo ndi ofufuza ali ndi mwayi wolumikizana mwachindunji ndi malingaliro a kapangidwe ka zipinda zoyera zakunja zapamwamba, kumvetsetsa zida ndi zida zapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi, kasamalidwe ndi kukonza, ndi zina zotero.

Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo, mabizinesi aku China opanga zipinda zoyera nawonso apita patsogolo mwachangu.

Pamene miyezo ya moyo wa anthu ikupitirirabe kukwera, zofunikira zawo pa malo okhala ndi moyo wabwino zikukwera kwambiri, ndipochipinda choyeretsaUkadaulo wa uinjiniya wagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono poyeretsa mpweya m'nyumba. Pakadali pano,China's chipinda choyeretsaUinjiniya sungogwira ntchito pa zamagetsi, zida zamagetsi, mankhwala, chakudya, kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi mafakitale ena okha, komanso ukhoza kusamukira kumayiko ena, zosangalatsa za anthu onse ndi malo ena, masukulu, ndi zina zotero. Kukula kosalekeza kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo kwakhala kukulimbikitsa pang'onopang'onochipinda choyeretsamakampani opanga uinjiniya m'mabanja zikwizikwi, komanso kukula kwa ntchito zapakhomochipinda choyeretsaMakampani nawonso akukula, ndipo anthu ayamba kusangalala pang'onopang'ono ndi zotsatira zachipinda choyeretsauinjiniya.