Lingaliro la chipinda choyera
Kuyeretsa: kumatanthauza njira yochotsera zinthu zoipitsa kuti pakhale ukhondo wofunikira.
Kuyeretsa mpweya: ntchito yochotsa zinthu zoipitsa mpweya kuti mpweya ukhale woyera.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono: zinthu zolimba ndi zamadzimadzi zokhala ndi kukula kwa 0.001 mpaka 1000μm.
Tinthu tomwe timapachikidwa: tinthu tolimba ndi tamadzimadzi tomwe tili ndi kukula kwa 0.1 mpaka 5μm mumlengalenga zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawa mpweya.
Kuyesa kosasunthika: kuyesa komwe kumachitika pamene makina oziziritsira mpweya m'chipinda choyera akugwira ntchito bwino, zida zogwirira ntchito zayikidwa, ndipo palibe ogwira ntchito opanga zinthu m'chipinda choyera.
Mayeso osinthika: mayeso ochitidwa pamene chipinda chotsukira chili bwino.
Kusabereka: kusowa kwa zamoyo.
Kuyeretsa: njira yopezera mkhalidwe wosabala. Kusiyana pakati pa chipinda choyera ndi chipinda chozizira mpweya wamba. Zipinda zoyera ndi zipinda zoziziritsira mpweya wamba ndi malo omwe njira zopangira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndikusunga malo opumira omwe amafika kutentha kwina, chinyezi, liwiro la mpweya komanso kuyeretsa mpweya. Kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi ndi motere:
Chipinda choyera chipinda chozizira mpweya wamba
Tinthu tomwe timatuluka mumpweya wa m'nyumba tiyenera kulamulidwa. Kutentha, chinyezi, liwiro la mpweya ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya ziyenera kufika pa kachulukidwe kena ka mpweya (chipinda choyeretsera madzi chochokera mbali imodzi nthawi 400-600 pa ola limodzi, chipinda choyeretsera chosachokera mbali imodzi nthawi 15-60 pa ola limodzi).
Kawirikawiri, kutentha kumachepetsedwa ndi nthawi 8-10 pa ola. Mpweya wabwino umakhala wokhazikika kutentha kwa chipinda nthawi 10-15 pa ola. Kuwonjezera pa kuyang'anira kutentha ndi chinyezi, ukhondo uyenera kuyesedwa nthawi zonse. Kutentha ndi chinyezi ziyenera kuyesedwa nthawi zonse. Mpweya uyenera kudutsa mu kusefa kwa magawo atatu, ndipo malo opumulirako ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zosefera za mpweya wa hepa. Gwiritsani ntchito zida zoyambira, zapakati komanso zosinthira kutentha ndi chinyezi. Chipinda choyera chiyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu inayake yabwino ≥10Pa pamalo ozungulira. Pali mphamvu yabwino, koma palibe chofunikira chowunikira. Ogwira ntchito omwe akulowa ayenera kusintha nsapato zapadera ndi zovala zoyera ndikudutsa mu shawa ya mpweya. Lekanitsani kuyenda kwa anthu ndi zinthu zoyendera.
Tinthu tomwe timapachikidwa: nthawi zambiri timatanthauza tinthu tolimba ndi tamadzimadzi tomwe timapachikidwa mumlengalenga, ndipo kukula kwa tinthu timeneti ndi pafupifupi 0.1 mpaka 5μm. Ukhondo: umagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa tinthu tomwe tili mumlengalenga pa unit iliyonse ya malo, yomwe ndi muyezo wodziwira ukhondo wa malowo.
Chitseko cha mpweya: Chipinda chosungira mpweya chomwe chimayikidwa pakhomo ndi potulukira m'chipinda choyera kuti chilepheretse mpweya woipa kuyenda komanso kuwongolera kusiyana kwa mphamvu kuchokera m'zipinda zakunja kapena zapafupi.
Shawa ya mpweya: Mtundu wa chotseka mpweya chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito mafani, zosefera, ndi makina owongolera mpweya kuti chiziuzira mpweya mozungulira anthu omwe akulowa mchipindamo. Ndi njira imodzi yothandiza yochepetsera kuipitsa kwakunja.
Zovala zoyera zantchito: Zovala zoyera zokhala ndi fumbi lochepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa tinthu tomwe timapangidwa ndi ogwira ntchito.
Fyuluta ya mpweya ya Hepa: Fyuluta ya mpweya yokhala ndi mphamvu yogwira yoposa 99.9% ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mainchesi opitilira kapena ofanana ndi 0.3μm komanso kukana kwa mpweya kochepera 250Pa pa voliyumu ya mpweya yovomerezeka.
Fyuluta ya mpweya ya Ultra-hepa: Fyuluta ya mpweya yokhala ndi mphamvu yogwira yoposa 99.999% ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mainchesi a 0.1 mpaka 0.2μm komanso kukana kwa mpweya wochepera 280Pa pa voliyumu ya mpweya yovomerezeka.
Malo Ochitira Ukhondo: Amapangidwa ndi makina oziziritsa mpweya ndi oyeretsa mpweya, komanso ndi mtima wa makina oyeretsera, kugwira ntchito limodzi kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana zikuyenda bwino. Kuwongolera kutentha ndi chinyezi: Malo Ochitira Ukhondo ndiye chofunikira cha GMP pazachilengedwe cha makampani opanga mankhwala, ndipo makina oziziritsa mpweya (HVAC) ndiye chitsimikizo chachikulu chokwaniritsa malo oyeretsera. Makina oziziritsa mpweya apakati a Cleanroom akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: Makina oziziritsa mpweya a DC: mpweya wakunja womwe wakonzedwa ndipo ungakwaniritse zofunikira za malo umatumizidwa mchipindamo, kenako mpweya wonse umatulutsidwa. Umatchedwanso makina odzaza utsi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa malo ochitira ukhondo okhala ndi zofunikira zapadera. Malo opangira fumbi pa chipinda chachinayi cha malo ochitira ukhondo omwe alipo ndi amtunduwu, monga chipinda chowumitsira cha granulation, malo odzaza mapiritsi, malo okutira, malo ophwanya ndi olemera. Chifukwa malo ochitira ukhondo amapanga fumbi lambiri, makina oziziritsa mpweya a DC amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Makina oziziritsa mpweya obwerezabwereza: ndiko kuti, mpweya woyeretsa m'chipinda ndi chisakanizo cha mpweya watsopano wakunja wochiritsidwa ndi gawo la mpweya wobwerera kuchokera ku malo oyera a chipinda. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino wakunja nthawi zambiri kumawerengedwa ngati 30% ya kuchuluka kwa mpweya wonse mchipinda choyera, ndipo kuyeneranso kukwaniritsa kufunikira kobwezera mpweya wotuluka mchipindamo. Kubwerezabwereza kumagawidwa m'magulu awiri: mpweya wobwerera woyamba ndi mpweya wobwerera wachiwiri. Kusiyana pakati pa mpweya wobwerera woyamba ndi mpweya wobwerera wachiwiri: Mu dongosolo la mpweya woziziritsa m'chipinda choyera, mpweya wobwerera woyamba umatanthauza mpweya wobwerera wamkati womwe poyamba umasakanizidwa ndi mpweya watsopano, kenako umakonzedwa ndi choziziritsira pamwamba (kapena chipinda chopopera madzi) kuti ufike pamlingo wa dema la makina, kenako umatenthedwa ndi chotenthetsera chachikulu kuti ufike pamlingo wa mpweya (kuti kutentha ndi chinyezi zizikhala nthawi zonse). Njira yachiwiri yobwerera mpweya ndikuti mpweya wobwerera woyamba umasakanizidwa ndi mpweya watsopano ndikukonzedwa ndi choziziritsira pamwamba (kapena chipinda chopopera madzi) kuti ufike pamlingo wa dema la makina, kenako umasakanikirana ndi mpweya wobwerera wamkati kamodzi, ndipo mkhalidwe wa mpweya wamkati ukhoza kupezeka powongolera chiŵerengero chosakaniza (makamaka dongosolo lochotsa chinyezi).
Kupanikizika kwabwino: Kawirikawiri, zipinda zoyera zimafunika kusunga kupanikizika kwabwino kuti zipewe kuipitsidwa kwakunja kulowa, ndipo zimathandiza kuti fumbi lamkati lituluke. Kupanikizika kwabwino kumatsatira mapangidwe awiri otsatirawa: 1) Kusiyana kwa kuthamanga pakati pa zipinda zoyera za milingo yosiyanasiyana komanso pakati pa malo oyera ndi malo osayera sikuyenera kukhala kochepera 5Pa; 2) Kusiyana kwa kuthamanga pakati pa malo ochitira ntchito zoyera mkati ndi kunja sikuyenera kukhala kochepera 10Pa, nthawi zambiri 10~20Pa. (1Pa=1N/m2) Malinga ndi "Cleanroom Design Specification", kusankha zinthu zomwe zakonzedwa kuti zikonzedwe m'chipinda choyera kuyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za kutentha, kutentha, kupewa moto, kukana chinyezi, komanso fumbi lochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, zofunikira kutentha ndi chinyezi, kuwongolera kusiyana kwa kuthamanga, kuyenda kwa mpweya ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya, kulowa ndi kutuluka kwa anthu, komanso kuyeretsa mpweya zimakonzedwa ndikugwirizana kuti pakhale dongosolo la chipinda choyera.
- Zofunikira pa kutentha ndi chinyezi
Kutentha ndi chinyezi cha chipinda chotsukira ziyenera kugwirizana ndi zofunikira pakupanga chinthucho, ndipo malo opangira chinthucho ndi chitonthozo cha wogwiritsa ntchito ziyenera kutsimikizika. Ngati palibe zofunikira zapadera pakupanga chinthucho, kutentha kwa chipinda chotsukira kumatha kulamulidwa pa 18-26℃ ndipo chinyezi chaching'ono chikhoza kulamulidwa pa 45-65%. Poganizira za kuwongolera mwamphamvu kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'dera lofunika kwambiri la ntchito ya aseptic, pali zofunikira zapadera pa zovala za ogwira ntchito m'derali. Chifukwa chake, kutentha ndi chinyezi chaching'ono cha malo oyera zitha kudziwika malinga ndi zofunikira zapadera za njira ndi chinthucho.
- Kulamulira kusiyana kwa kuthamanga
Pofuna kupewa ukhondo wa chipinda choyera kuti chisaipitsidwe ndi chipinda chapafupi, mpweya woyenda m'mipata ya nyumbayo (mipata ya zitseko, malo olowera m'makoma, ma ducts, ndi zina zotero) m'njira yomwe yatchulidwayo ukhoza kuchepetsa kuyenda kwa tinthu toopsa. Njira yowongolera njira ya mpweya ndikuwongolera kuthamanga kwa malo oyandikana nawo. GMP imafuna kusiyana kwa kuthamanga koyezeka (DP) kuti kusungidwe pakati pa chipinda choyera ndi malo oyandikana nawo ndi ukhondo wochepa. Mtengo wa DP pakati pa milingo yosiyanasiyana ya mpweya mu GMP yaku China wanenedwa kuti usakhale wochepera 10Pa, ndipo kusiyana kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya wabwino kapena woipa kuyenera kusungidwa malinga ndi zofunikira za njira.
- Kapangidwe ka mpweya ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya woperekedwa. Kapangidwe ka mpweya koyenera ndi chimodzi mwa zitsimikizo zofunika kwambiri kuti tipewe kuipitsa ndi kuipitsidwa m'malo oyera. Kapangidwe ka mpweya koyenera ndi kupanga mpweya woyera m'chipinda choyera kuti utumizidwe mwachangu komanso mofanana kapena kufalikira kudera lonse loyera, kuchepetsa mafunde a eddy ndi ngodya zakufa, kuchepetsa fumbi ndi mabakiteriya omwe amatulutsa chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa m'nyumba, ndikuzitulutsa mwachangu komanso moyenera, kuchepetsa mwayi wa fumbi ndi mabakiteriya kuipitsa chinthucho, ndikusunga ukhondo wofunikira m'chipindamo. Popeza ukadaulo woyera umalamulira kuchuluka kwa tinthu tomwe timapachikidwa mumlengalenga, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mpweya komwe kumaperekedwa kuchipinda choyera ndi kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa komwe kumafunikira m'zipinda zonse zokhala ndi mpweya woziziritsa, mawonekedwe ake okonza mpweya ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi iwo. Kapangidwe ka mpweya kamagawidwa m'magulu atatu:
- Kuyenda kwa mpweya molunjika: kuyenda kwa mpweya komwe kumayendera mbali imodzi ndi liwiro la mphepo lokhazikika pa gawo lopingasa; (Pali mitundu iwiri: kuyenda kolunjika kolunjika ndi kuyenda kolunjika kolunjika.)
- Kuyenda kosalunjika mbali imodzi: kumatanthauza kuyenda kwa mpweya komwe sikukwaniritsa tanthauzo la kuyenda kolunjika mbali imodzi.
3. Kuyenda kosakanikirana: kuyenda kwa mpweya komwe kumapangidwa ndi kuyenda kolunjika mbali imodzi ndi kuyenda kosagwirizana mbali imodzi. Kawirikawiri, kuyenda kolunjika mbali imodzi kumayenda bwino kuchokera kumbali yopereka mpweya wamkati kupita kumbali yofanana ya mpweya wobwerera, ndipo ukhondo ukhoza kufika pa kalasi 100. Ukhondo wa zipinda zoyera zosalunjika mbali imodzi uli pakati pa kalasi 1,000 ndi kalasi 100,000, ndipo ukhondo wa zipinda zoyera zosakanikirana ukhoza kufika pa kalasi 100 m'madera ena. Mu dongosolo loyenda molunjika, mpweya umayenda kuchokera pakhoma limodzi kupita ku lina. Mu dongosolo loyenda molunjika, mpweya umayenda kuchokera padenga kupita pansi. Mkhalidwe wa mpweya wa chipinda choyera nthawi zambiri ukhoza kufotokozedwa mwanjira yosavuta ndi "kawirikawiri kusintha kwa mpweya": "kusintha kwa mpweya" ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya komwe kumalowa mu malo pa ola limodzi kogawidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa malo. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana kwa mpweya woyera komwe kumatumizidwa mu chipinda choyera, ukhondo wa chipindacho umasiyananso. Malinga ndi kuwerengera kwa chiphunzitso ndi zochitika zenizeni, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mpweya ndi motere, monga kuyerekezera koyambirira kwa kuchuluka kwa mpweya woperekedwa m'chipinda choyera: 1) Kwa kalasi 100,000, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mpweya nthawi zambiri imakhala yoposa nthawi 15 pa ola; 2) Kwa kalasi 10,000, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mpweya nthawi zambiri imakhala yoposa nthawi 25 pa ola; 3) Kwa kalasi 1000, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mpweya nthawi zambiri imakhala yoposa nthawi 50 pa ola; 4) Kwa kalasi 100, kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumawerengedwa kutengera liwiro la mphepo ya mpweya ya 0.2-0.45m/s. Kapangidwe koyenera ka mpweya ndi gawo lofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti malo oyera ndi oyera. Ngakhale kuti kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya woperekedwa m'chipinda n'kopindulitsa pakuwonetsetsa kuti ukhondo ndi wokwanira, kuchuluka kwa mpweya woperekedwa kudzawononga mphamvu. Kuyeretsa mpweya mulingo wovomerezeka wa fumbi (static) kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (static) pafupipafupi (pa ola)
4. Kulowa ndi kutuluka kwa anthu ndi zinthu
Pa maloko oyera a chipinda, nthawi zambiri amaikidwa pakhomo ndi potulukira mchipinda choyera kuti aletse mpweya woipa wakunja ndikuwongolera kusiyana kwa kuthamanga. Chipinda chosungiramo zinthu chimayikidwa. Zipinda zolumikizirana izi zimawongolera malo olowera ndi otulukira kudzera pazitseko zingapo, komanso zimapereka malo ovalira/kuvula zovala zoyera, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuyeretsa ndi ntchito zina. Maloko wamba amagetsi ndi maloko a mpweya.
Bokosi la Pasipoti: Kulowa ndi kutuluka kwa zinthu m'chipinda choyera kumaphatikizapo bokosi la pasipoti, ndi zina zotero. Zinthuzi zimagwira ntchito yotetezera kusamutsa zinthu pakati pa malo oyera ndi malo osayera. Zitseko zawo ziwiri sizingatsegulidwe nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti mpweya wakunja sungalowe ndi kutuluka m'sitolo zinthuzo zikaperekedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, bokosi la pasipoti lokhala ndi chida cha nyali ya ultraviolet silingathe kungosunga mphamvu yabwino m'chipindamo kukhala yokhazikika, kupewa kuipitsidwa, kukwaniritsa zofunikira za GMP, komanso limagwira ntchito yoyeretsa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Shawa ya mpweya: Chipinda chosambiramo mpweya ndi njira yolowera katundu kuti alowe ndikutuluka mchipinda choyera ndipo chimagwiranso ntchito ngati chipinda choyera chotsekedwa ndi mpweya. Pofuna kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa tinthu ta fumbi tomwe timabweretsedwa ndi katunduyo, mpweya woyera womwe umasefedwa ndi fyuluta ya hepa umapopedwa kuchokera mbali zonse ndi nozzle yozungulira kupita ku katunduyo, ndikuchotsa fumbi mwachangu komanso moyenera. Ngati pali shawa ya mpweya, iyenera kupukutidwa ndi kutsukidwa motsatira malamulo musanalowe m'malo otsukira opanda fumbi. Nthawi yomweyo, tsatirani mosamala zofunikira ndi zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito shawa ya mpweya.
- Chithandizo cha kuyeretsa mpweya ndi makhalidwe ake
Ukadaulo woyeretsa mpweya ndi ukadaulo wokwanira wopanga malo oyera a mpweya ndikuwonetsetsa ndikuwongolera khalidwe la zinthu. Cholinga chake chachikulu ndikusefa tinthu tating'onoting'ono mumlengalenga kuti tipeze mpweya woyera, kenako nkuyenda mbali imodzi molunjika kapena molunjika, ndikutsuka mpweya ndi tinthu tozungulira, kuti tikwaniritse cholinga choyeretsa mpweya. Dongosolo loziziritsira mpweya m'chipinda choyera liyenera kukhala dongosolo loyeretsedwa la mpweya lokhala ndi njira zitatu zosefera: fyuluta yoyamba, fyuluta yapakatikati ndi fyuluta ya hepa. Onetsetsani kuti mpweya wotumizidwa m'chipindamo ndi mpweya woyera ndipo ukhoza kuchepetsa mpweya wodetsedwa m'chipindamo. Fyuluta yoyamba ndi yoyenera kwambiri kusefera koyambirira kwa makina oziziritsira mpweya ndi mpweya ndikubwezeretsa kusefera kwa mpweya m'zipinda zoyera. Fyulutayo imapangidwa ndi ulusi wopangidwa ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi galvanized. Imatha kuletsa tinthu ta fumbi popanda kupanga kukana kwambiri kwa mpweya. Ulusi wolukana mwachisawawa umapanga zopinga zambiri ku tinthu, ndipo malo akuluakulu pakati pa ulusiwo amalola kuti mpweya udutse bwino kuti uteteze gawo lotsatira la zosefera mu dongosololi ndi dongosolo lokha. Pali zinthu ziwiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya woipa wamkati uyende bwino: chimodzi ndi laminar (ndiko kuti, tinthu tonse tomwe timapachikidwa m'chipindamo timasungidwa mu laminar layer); china si laminar (ndiko kuti, mpweya wamkati umayenda movutikira). M'zipinda zambiri zoyera, mpweya wamkati umayenda movutikira, zomwe sizimangosakaniza tinthu tomwe timapachikidwa mumlengalenga mwachangu, komanso zimapangitsa kuti tinthu tomwe sitili m'chipindamo tiulukenso, ndipo mpweya wina ukhozanso kuima.
6. Kupewa moto ndi kuchotsa malo ochitirako ntchito zoyera
1) Mulingo wokana moto m'malo ochitira ntchito zoyera suyenera kukhala wotsika kuposa mulingo wachiwiri;
2) Ngozi ya moto ya malo opangira zinthu m'malo ochitira zinthu oyera iyenera kugawidwa m'magulu ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito motsatira muyezo wadziko lonse wa "Code for Fire Prevention of Building Design".
3) Mapanelo a denga ndi makoma a chipinda choyera sayenera kuyaka, ndipo zinthu zopangidwa ndi organic siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Malire a kukana moto padenga sayenera kupitirira 0.4h, ndipo malire a kukana moto padenga la malo otulutsiramo anthu sayenera kupitirira 1.0h.
4) Mu nyumba yonse ya fakitale mkati mwa malo ozimitsira moto, miyeso yogawanitsa thupi yosayaka iyenera kukhazikitsidwa pakati pa malo oyera opangira ndi malo opangira zinthu. Malire oletsa moto a khoma logawanitsa ndi denga lake lofanana nawo sayenera kupitirira ola limodzi. Zipangizo zosapsa moto kapena zosapsa moto ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kudzaza mapaipi odutsa pakhoma kapena padenga mwamphamvu;
5) Malo otulukira otetezeka ayenera kufalikira, ndipo sipayenera kukhala njira zokhotakhota kuchokera pamalo opangira zinthu kupita ku malo otulukira otetezeka, ndipo zizindikiro zoonekeratu zotuluka ziyenera kuyikidwa.
6) Chitseko chotetezera chotulutsira anthu ku malo oyera ndi malo osayera komanso malo oyera akunja chiyenera kutsegulidwa motsatira njira yotulutsira anthu. Chitseko chotetezeka chotulutsira anthu ku malo otetezeka sichiyenera kukhala chitseko chopachikidwa, chitseko chapadera, chitseko chotsetsereka cham'mbali kapena chitseko chamagetsi chokha. Khoma lakunja la malo oyera ndi malo oyera omwe ali pansi lomwelo ziyenera kukhala ndi zitseko ndi mawindo kuti ozimitsa moto alowe m'malo oyera a malo oyerawo, ndipo potulukira moto wapadera payenera kuyikidwa mbali yoyenera ya khoma lakunja.
Tanthauzo la msonkhano wa GMP: GMP ndi chidule cha Good Manufacture Practice. Chofunika kwambiri ndikupereka zofunikira kuti bizinesi ipange zinthu mwanzeru, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zopangira, komanso kulondola ndi kukhazikika kwa ntchito zopangira. Chitsimikizo cha GMP chimatanthauza njira yomwe boma ndi madipatimenti oyenerera amakonza zowunikira mbali zonse za bizinesi, monga antchito, maphunziro, malo opangira mafakitale, malo opangira zinthu, mikhalidwe yaukhondo, kasamalidwe ka zinthu, kasamalidwe ka zinthu, kasamalidwe kabwino, ndi kasamalidwe ka malonda, kuti awone ngati akukwaniritsa zofunikira za malamulo. GMP imafuna kuti opanga zinthu azikhala ndi zida zabwino zopangira, njira zopangira zoyenera, kasamalidwe kabwino kabwino komanso njira zoyesera zolimba kuti atsimikizire kuti mtundu wa chinthu chomaliza ukukwaniritsa zofunikira za malamulo. Kupanga zinthu zina kuyenera kuchitika m'ma workshop ovomerezeka a GMP. Kugwiritsa ntchito GMP, kukonza khalidwe la chinthu, komanso kukulitsa malingaliro a ntchito ndiye maziko ndi gwero la chitukuko cha mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati pansi pa mikhalidwe yachuma chamsika. Kuipitsa chipinda choyera ndi kuwongolera kwake: Tanthauzo la kuipitsa: Kuipitsa kumatanthauza zinthu zonse zosafunikira. Kaya ndi zinthu kapena mphamvu, bola ngati sizili gawo la chinthucho, sikofunikira kukhalapo ndikukhudza magwiridwe antchito a chinthucho. Pali magwero anayi oyambira a kuipitsa: 1. Malo (denga, pansi, khoma); 2. Zida, zida; 3. Ogwira ntchito; 4. Zogulitsa. Dziwani: Kuipitsa pang'ono kumatha kuyezedwa mu ma microns, omwe ndi: 1000μm=1mm. Nthawi zambiri timatha kuwona tinthu ta fumbi tomwe tili ndi kukula kwa tinthu toposa 50μm, ndipo tinthu ta fumbi tosakwana 50μm timangowoneka ndi maikulosikopu. Kuipitsa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'chipinda choyera kumachokera ku mbali ziwiri: kuipitsa thupi la munthu ndi kuipitsa makina a zida zogwirira ntchito. Pansi pa mikhalidwe yachibadwa ya thupi, thupi la munthu nthawi zonse limataya mamba a maselo, ambiri mwa iwo amakhala ndi mabakiteriya. Popeza mpweya umabwezeretsanso tinthu ta fumbi tochuluka, umapereka zonyamulira ndi malo okhala mabakiteriya, kotero mlengalenga ndiye gwero lalikulu la mabakiteriya. Anthu ndiye gwero lalikulu la kuipitsa. Anthu akamalankhula ndi kusuntha, amatulutsa tinthu ta fumbi tochuluka, tomwe timamatira pamwamba pa chinthucho ndikuipitsa chinthucho. Ngakhale ogwira ntchito m'chipinda choyera amavala zovala zoyera, zovala zoyera sizingalepheretse kufalikira kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri timatha kukhazikika pamwamba pa chinthucho chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka, ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tina timagwera pamwamba pa chinthucho ndi kuyenda kwa mpweya. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timeneti tikafika pamlingo winawake ndikusonkhana pamodzi, ndi pomwe timatha kuoneka ndi maso. Pofuna kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa zipinda zoyera ndi ogwira ntchito, ogwira ntchito ayenera kutsatira malamulo akamalowa ndi kutuluka. Gawo loyamba musanalowe m'chipinda choyera ndikuchotsa jekete lanu m'chipinda choyamba chosinthira, valani masilipi wamba, kenako lowani m'chipinda chachiwiri chosinthira kuti musinthe nsapato. Musanalowe m'chipinda chachiwiri, sambani ndikuumitsa manja anu m'chipinda chosungiramo zinthu. Umitsani manja anu kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa manja anu mpaka manja anu asakhale onyowa. Mukalowa m'chipinda chachiwiri chosinthira, sinthani masilipi oyamba a shift, valani zovala zogwirira ntchito zoyera, ndipo valani nsapato zoyeretsera shift yachiwiri. Pali mfundo zitatu zofunika kwambiri mukamavala zovala zoyera za ntchito: A. Valani bwino ndipo musawonetse tsitsi lanu; B. Chigoba chiyenera kuphimba mphuno; C. Tsukani fumbi kuchokera ku zovala zoyera zogwirira ntchito musanalowe mu workshop yoyera. Pakuwongolera kupanga, kuwonjezera pa zinthu zina zofunika, pali antchito ambiri omwe salowa m'malo oyera momwe akufunira ndipo zipangizo sizimasamalidwa mosamala. Chifukwa chake, opanga zinthu ayenera kufunafuna ogwira ntchito yopanga ndikukulitsa chidziwitso cha ukhondo wa ogwira ntchito opanga. Kuipitsa anthu - mabakiteriya:
1. Kuipitsidwa komwe kumachitika ndi anthu: (1) Khungu: Anthu nthawi zambiri amataya khungu lawo lonse masiku anayi aliwonse, ndipo anthu amataya pafupifupi zidutswa 1,000 za khungu pamphindi (kukula kwapakati ndi 30 * 60 * 3 microns) (2) Tsitsi: Tsitsi la munthu (m'mimba mwake ndi pafupifupi 50 ~ 100 microns) limatuluka nthawi zonse. (3) Malovu: ali ndi sodium, ma enzyme, mchere, potaziyamu, kloridi ndi tinthu ta chakudya. (4) Zovala za tsiku ndi tsiku: tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ulusi, silika, cellulose, mankhwala osiyanasiyana ndi mabakiteriya. (5) Anthu amapanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono 10,000 toposa ma microns 0.3 pamphindi akakhala chete kapena atakhala pansi.
2. Kusanthula deta ya mayeso akunja kukuwonetsa kuti: (1) Mu chipinda choyera, antchito akavala zovala zoyera: kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya omwe amatuluka akadali nthawi zambiri ndi 10 ~ 300 / mphindi. Kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya omwe amatuluka thupi la munthu likagwira ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi 150 ~ 1000 / mphindi. Kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya omwe amatuluka munthu akayenda mofulumira ndi 900 ~ 2500 / mphindi. (2) Chifuwa nthawi zambiri chimakhala 70 ~ 700 / mphindi. (3) Kuyetsemula nthawi zambiri kumakhala 4000 ~ 62000 / mphindi. (4) Kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya omwe amatuluka munthu akavala zovala wamba ndi 3300 ~ 62000 / mphindi. (5) Kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya omwe amatuluka popanda chigoba: kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya omwe amatuluka ndi chigoba ndi 1:7 ~ 1:14.
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-05-2025