LINGALIRO LA CHIPEMBEDZO NDI KUYAMBIRA NTCHITO

Lingaliro la Cleanroom

Kuyeretsa: kumatanthauza njira yochotsera zowononga kuti mupeze ukhondo wofunikira.

Kuyeretsa mpweya: Kuchotsa zinthu zowononga mpweya kuti mpweya ukhale woyera.

Tinthu: olimba ndi madzi zinthu ndi kukula ambiri 0.001 kuti 1000μm.

Zinayimitsidwa particles: olimba ndi madzi particles ndi kukula osiyanasiyana 0,1 kuti 5μm mu mpweya ntchito gulu ukhondo mpweya.

Mayeso osasunthika: mayeso omwe amachitidwa pomwe makina owongolera mpweya a cleanroom akugwira ntchito bwino, zida zomangira zidayikidwa, ndipo palibe ogwira ntchito mchipinda choyera.

Mayeso amphamvu: mayeso omwe amachitidwa pomwe chipinda choyeretsera chimakhala chopangidwa bwino.

Kusabereka: kusakhalapo kwa zamoyo.

Sterilization: njira yopezera mkhalidwe wosabala. Kusiyana pakati pa chipinda choyeretsa ndi chipinda chamba chokhala ndi mpweya wabwino. Zipinda zoyera ndi zipinda wamba zokhala ndi mpweya ndi malo omwe njira zopangira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndi kusunga malo a mpweya omwe amafika kutentha kwina, chinyezi, kuthamanga kwa mpweya ndi kuyeretsa mpweya. Kusiyana pakati pa awiriwa ndi motere:

Chipinda choyera cha chipinda chokhala ndi mpweya wabwino

M'nyumba mpweya inaimitsidwa particles ayenera kulamulidwa. Kutentha, chinyezi, kuthamanga kwa mpweya ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya ziyenera kufika pafupipafupi mpweya wabwino (chipinda choyera cha unidirectional 400-600 nthawi / h, chipinda chopanda unidirectional 15-60 nthawi / h).

Nthawi zambiri, kutentha kumachepetsedwa ndi 8-10 nthawi / h. Mpweya wabwino ndi nthawi zonse kutentha chipinda 10-15 zina/h. Kuphatikiza pa kuyang'anira kutentha ndi chinyezi, ukhondo uyenera kuyesedwa nthawi zonse. Kutentha ndi chinyezi ziyenera kuyesedwa nthawi zonse. Mpweya uyenera kudutsa muzosefera za magawo atatu, ndipo chotengeracho chiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zosefera za hepa. Gwiritsani ntchito zida zoyambirira, zapakati komanso zotentha komanso zosinthira chinyezi. Chipinda choyera chimayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yokwanira ≥10Pa pamalo ozungulira. Pali kukakamizidwa kwabwino, koma palibe chofunikira chowongolera. Ogwira ntchito akuyenera kusintha nsapato zapadera ndi zovala zosabala ndikudutsa mu shawa ya mpweya. Alekanitse kuyenda kwa anthu ndi mayendedwe.

Zidutswa zoyimitsidwa: nthawi zambiri zimatanthawuza tinthu tating'onoting'ono tolimba komanso tamadzi timene timayimitsidwa mumlengalenga, ndipo kukula kwake kwa tinthu kumakhala pafupifupi 0,1 mpaka 5μm. Ukhondo: amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala mumlengalenga pamlingo wa danga, womwe ndi mulingo wosiyanitsa ukhondo wa danga.

Airlock: Chipinda chosungiramo chitetezo chokhazikitsidwa pakhomo ndi potuluka mchipinda choyera kuti atseke mpweya wodetsedwa komanso kuwongolera kusiyana kwamphamvu kuchokera kunja kapena zipinda zoyandikana.

Air shower: Mtundu wa airlock womwe umagwiritsa ntchito mafani, zosefera, ndi makina owongolera kuti aziwombera mpweya mozungulira anthu olowa m'chipindamo. Ndi imodzi mwa njira zothandiza kuchepetsa kuipitsa kunja.

Zovala zoyera zantchito: Zovala zotsuka ndi fumbi lochepa lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono topangidwa ndi ogwira ntchito.

Fyuluta ya mpweya wa Hepa: Chosefera cha mpweya chomwe chimakhala ndi mphamvu yojambula yopitilira 99.9% ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokulirapo kapena kofanana ndi 0.3μm komanso kukana kwa mpweya wosakwana 250Pa pa voliyumu ya mpweya.

Zosefera mpweya wa Ultra-hepa: Chosefera cha mpweya chomwe chimatha kugwira bwino kwambiri kuposa 99.999% pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mainchesi a 0.1 mpaka 0.2μm komanso kukana kwa mpweya wosakwana 280Pa pa voliyumu ya mpweya.

Malo ochitira msonkhano oyera: Amapangidwa ndi mpweya wapakati ndi makina oyeretsera mpweya, komanso ndi mtima wa dongosolo loyeretsera, kugwirira ntchito limodzi kuti atsimikizire kuti magawo osiyanasiyana akuyenda bwino. Kuwongolera kutentha ndi chinyezi: Malo ochitira zinthu oyera ndi chofunikira kwa chilengedwe cha GMP kwa mabizinesi azamankhwala, ndipo dongosolo la cleanroom air conditioning (HVAC) ndiye chitsimikiziro chofunikira pakukwaniritsa malo oyeretsedwa. Cleanroom central air conditioning system ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: DC air conditioning system: mpweya wakunja womwe wathandizidwa ndipo ukhoza kukwaniritsa zofunikira za danga umatumizidwa m'chipindamo, ndiyeno mpweya wonse umatulutsidwa. Imatchedwanso dongosolo lonse lotayirira, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pamisonkhano yokhala ndi zofunikira zapadera. Malo opangira fumbi pamtunda wachinayi wa msonkhano womwe ulipo ndi wamtundu uwu, monga chipinda chowumitsa granulation, malo odzaza mapiritsi, malo ophimba, kuphwanya ndi kuyeza. Chifukwa choti msonkhanowu umatulutsa fumbi lambiri, makina owongolera mpweya wa DC amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Recirculation air conditioning system: ndiko kuti, mpweya wabwino wa chipinda chosungirako ndi kusakaniza kwa gawo la mpweya wabwino wakunja ndi gawo la mpweya wobwerera kuchokera ku chipinda choyera. Mpweya wabwino wakunja wakunja nthawi zambiri umawerengedwa ngati 30% ya kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'chipinda choyera, ndipo uyeneranso kukwaniritsa zofunikira zolipirira mpweya wotuluka m'chipindamo. Kubwereranso kumagawidwa kukhala mpweya woyamba wobwerera ndi mpweya wachiwiri wobwerera. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mpweya wobwerera wachiwiri ndi mpweya wobwerera wachiwiri: Mu mpweya wozizira wa chipinda choyera, mpweya wobwerera woyambirira umatanthawuza mpweya wobwerera m'nyumba poyamba wosakanizidwa ndi mpweya wabwino, kenako umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ozizira pamwamba (kapena chipinda chopopera madzi) kuti ufike pa makina a mame, ndiyeno kutenthedwa ndi chowotcha choyambirira kuti chifike kumalo operekera mpweya (kwa kutentha kosalekeza ndi chinyezi). Njira yachiwiri yobwereranso mpweya ndi yakuti mpweya woyamba wobwerera umasakanizidwa ndi mpweya wabwino ndikuchiritsidwa ndi ozizira pamwamba (kapena chipinda chopopera madzi) kuti chifike pa makina a mame, ndiyeno osakanikirana ndi mpweya wobwerera m'nyumba kamodzi, ndipo mpweya wamkati wamkati ukhoza kutheka mwa kulamulira chiŵerengero chosakanikirana (makamaka dehumidification system).

Kupsyinjika kwabwino: Nthawi zambiri, zipinda zoyera zimafunika kukhalabe ndi mphamvu zoteteza kuipitsidwa kwakunja, ndipo kumathandizira kutulutsa fumbi lamkati. Kupanikizika kwabwino nthawi zambiri kumatsatira mapangidwe awiri otsatirawa: 1) Kusiyana kwapakati pakati pa zipinda zoyera zamagulu osiyanasiyana komanso pakati pa malo aukhondo ndi malo osayera sayenera kukhala osachepera 5Pa; 2) Kusiyana kwapakatikati pakati pa ma workshop aukhondo amkati ndi panja sikuyenera kukhala kuchepera 10Pa, nthawi zambiri 10 ~ 20Pa. (1Pa = 1N/m2) Malinga ndi "Cleanroom Design Specification", kusankha kwa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira kukonza chipinda choyeretsera kuyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za kutentha, kutentha, kuteteza moto, kukana chinyezi, ndi fumbi lochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, zofunikira za kutentha ndi chinyezi, kuwongolera kusiyana kwa kuthamanga, kuyenda kwa mpweya ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya, kulowa ndi kutuluka kwa anthu, komanso chithandizo cha kuyeretsa mpweya zimakonzedwa ndikugwirizanirana kuti apange dongosolo loyeretsa.

1. Kutentha ndi chinyezi zofunika

Kutentha ndi chinyezi chaching'ono cha chipinda choyeretsera chiyenera kukhala chogwirizana ndi zofunikira zopangira mankhwala, ndipo malo opangira mankhwala ndi chitonthozo cha woyendetsa ayenera kutsimikiziridwa. Ngati palibe zofunikira zapadera pakupanga zinthu, kutentha kwa chipinda choyeretsera kumatha kuyendetsedwa pa 18-26 ℃ ndi chinyezi chachibale chitha kuyendetsedwa pa 45-65%. Poganizira kuwongolera kokhazikika kwa kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo m'chigawo chapakati cha ntchito ya aseptic, pali zofunikira zapadera pazovala za ogwira ntchito m'derali. Choncho, kutentha ndi chinyezi chachibale cha malo oyera amatha kutsimikiziridwa malinga ndi zofunikira zapadera za ndondomeko ndi mankhwala.

1. Kuwongolera kusiyana kwapakatikati

Pofuna kupewa ukhondo wa chipinda choyera kuti chisaipitsidwe ndi chipinda choyandikana nacho, kutuluka kwa mpweya m'mipata ya nyumbayo (mipata ya zitseko, zolowera m'makoma, ma ducts, ndi zina zotero) m'njira yodziwika bwino zingathe kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa particles zoipa. Njira yoyendetsera kayendedwe ka mpweya ndikuwongolera kuthamanga kwa malo oyandikana nawo. GMP imafuna kusiyana kwa mphamvu yoyezera (DP) kuti isamalidwe pakati pa chipinda choyera ndi malo oyandikana nawo ndi ukhondo wochepa. Mtengo wa DP pakati pa milingo yosiyanasiyana ya mpweya ku GMP yaku China uyenera kukhala wosachepera 10Pa, ndipo kusiyana kwabwino kapena koyipa kuyenera kusungidwa molingana ndi zofunikira.

1. Mayendedwe a mpweya ndi kuchuluka kwa kayendedwe ka mpweya wokwanira ndi chimodzi mwazitsimikizo zofunika kuti tipewe kuipitsidwa ndi kuipitsidwa m'malo oyera. Bungwe loyenera kuyendetsa mpweya ndikupangitsa kuti mpweya wapachipinda choyera utumizidwe mwachangu komanso molingana kapena kufalikira kudera lonse loyera, kuchepetsa mafunde a eddy ndi ngodya zakufa, kutsitsa fumbi ndi mabakiteriya opangidwa ndi kuipitsidwa kwa m'nyumba, ndikutulutsa mwachangu komanso moyenera, kuchepetsa mwayi wafumbi ndi mabakiteriya omwe amawononga mankhwalawo, ndikusunga ukhondo wofunikira. Popeza ukadaulo waukhondo umayang'anira kuchuluka kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono m'mlengalenga, komanso kuchuluka kwa mpweya woperekedwa kuchipinda choyera kumakhala kokulirapo kuposa zomwe zimafunikira zipinda zonse zokhala ndi mpweya, mawonekedwe ake a bungwe la airflow ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi iwo. Njira yoyendetsera mpweya imagawidwa makamaka m'magulu atatu:
2. Unidirectional flow: mpweya woyenda ndi mitsinje yofananira munjira imodzi ndi liwiro lokhazikika la mphepo pamtanda; (Pali mitundu iwiri: vertical unidirectional flow and horizontal unidirectional flow.)
3. Kuyenda kopanda unidirectional: kumatanthawuza kuyenda kwa mpweya komwe sikumakwaniritsa tanthauzo la unidirectional flow.

3. Kuthamanga kosakanikirana: mpweya wopangidwa ndi unidirectional flow and non-unidirectional flow. Kawirikawiri, kutuluka kwa unidirectional kumayenda bwino kuchokera ku mbali yopereka mpweya wamkati kupita ku mbali yake yobwereza yobwerera, ndipo ukhondo ukhoza kufika m'kalasi la 100. Ukhondo wa zipinda zoyera zopanda unidirectional uli pakati pa kalasi ya 1,000 ndi kalasi ya 100,000, ndipo ukhondo wa zipinda zosakanikirana zosakanikirana zimatha kufika m'kalasi 100 m'madera ena. M'njira yopingasa, mpweya umayenda kuchokera ku khoma kupita ku lina. Mu kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka mpweya, mpweya umayenda kuchokera padenga mpaka pansi. Mpweya wabwino wa chipinda choyera nthawi zambiri ukhoza kufotokozedwa m'njira yodziwika bwino ndi "kusinthasintha kwa mpweya": "kusintha kwa mpweya" ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wolowa mu danga pa ola logawidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa danga. Chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpweya wabwino wotumizidwa kuchipinda choyera, ukhondo wa chipindacho ndi wosiyana. Malingana ndi mawerengedwe owerengera ndi zochitika zenizeni, zochitika zambiri za nthawi ya mpweya wabwino zimakhala motere, monga kuyerekezera koyambirira kwa voliyumu ya mpweya wa chipinda choyera: 1) Kwa kalasi ya 100,000, nthawi zopuma mpweya nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoposa 15 nthawi / ola; 2) Kwa kalasi 10,000, nthawi za mpweya wabwino nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoposa 25 nthawi / ola; 3) Kwa kalasi 1000, nthawi za mpweya wabwino nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopitilira 50 / ola; 4) Kwa kalasi ya 100, kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumawerengedwa kutengera kuthamanga kwa mpweya wagawo la 0.2-0.45m / s. Kukonzekera kokwanira kwa mpweya ndi gawo lofunikira powonetsetsa kuti malo aukhondo ali aukhondo. Ngakhale kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino m'chipinda ndi kothandiza kuonetsetsa kuti pakhale ukhondo, kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumapangitsa kuti mphamvu ziwonongeke. Mulingo waukhondo wa mumlengalenga kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono (static) kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (static) mpweya wabwino (pa ola)

4. Kulowa ndi kutuluka kwa anthu ndi zinthu

Pazipinda zotsekera zaukhondo, nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa pakhomo ndi potuluka mchipinda choyera kuti atseke mpweya woipitsidwa wakunja ndikuwongolera kusiyana kwa kuthamanga. Chipinda cha buffer chakhazikitsidwa. Zipinda zolumikizirana izi zimayang'anira malo olowera ndikutuluka kudzera pazitseko zingapo, komanso zimapatsanso malo obvala / kuvula zovala zoyera, zopha tizilombo, kuyeretsa ndi ntchito zina. Ma interlocks wamba amagetsi ndi maloko a mpweya.

Bokosi lodutsa: Kulowa ndi kutuluka kwa zipangizo mu chipinda chaukhondo kumaphatikizapo bokosi lachiphaso, ndi zina zotero. Zigawozi zimagwira ntchito yolepheretsa kusamutsidwa kwa zipangizo pakati pa malo aukhondo ndi malo osayera. Zitseko zawo ziwiri sizingatsegulidwe nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti mpweya wakunja sungathe kulowa ndi kutuluka mu msonkhano pamene zinthu zaperekedwa. Komanso, chiphaso bokosi okonzeka ndi ultraviolet chipangizo nyali sangathe kukhalabe kukakamiza zabwino mu chipinda khola, kuteteza kuipitsa, kukwaniritsa zofunika GMP, komanso kuchita mbali yolera yotseketsa ndi disinfection.

Shawa ya mpweya: Chipinda chosambiramo mpweya ndiye njira yolowera katundu ndi kutuluka mchipinda choyera komanso imagwira ntchito ngati chipinda chotsekedwa ndi airlock. Pofuna kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa fumbi la fumbi lomwe katundu amabweretsedwa ndi katundu, mpweya woyera womwe umasefedwa ndi fyuluta ya hepa umapopera kuchokera kumbali zonse ndi phokoso lozungulira kupita ku katundu, mogwira mtima komanso mwamsanga kuchotsa fumbi. Ngati pali shawa ya mpweya, iyenera kuwomberedwa ndikusambitsidwa molingana ndi malamulo musanalowe m'malo ochitira ukhondo opanda fumbi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mosamalitsa kutsatira specifications ndi ntchito zofunika za mpweya shawa.

1. Chithandizo choyeretsa mpweya ndi mawonekedwe ake

Ukadaulo woyeretsa mpweya ndiukadaulo wokwanira kupanga malo abwino a mpweya ndikuwonetsetsa ndikuwongolera zinthu zabwino. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kusefa tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono mlengalenga kuti tipeze mpweya wabwino, kenako ndikuyenda njira yomweyo pa liwiro lofanana kapena molunjika, ndikutsuka mpweya ndi tinthu tating'ono tomwe timazungulira, kuti tikwaniritse cholinga cha kuyeretsa mpweya. Makina owongolera mpweya mchipinda choyera ayenera kukhala choyeretsera mpweya choyeretsera chokhala ndi njira zitatu zosefera: fyuluta yoyamba, fyuluta yapakatikati ndi fyuluta ya hepa. Onetsetsani kuti mpweya wotumizidwa m'chipindamo ndi mpweya wabwino ndipo ungathe kuchepetsa mpweya woipitsidwa m'chipindamo. Zosefera zoyambira ndizoyenera kusefera koyambirira kwa ma air conditioning ndi mpweya wabwino ndikubwezeretsanso kusefera kwa mpweya m'zipinda zoyera. Sefayi imapangidwa ndi ulusi wopangira komanso chitsulo chamalata. Imatha kutsekereza tinthu ting'onoting'ono ta fumbi popanda kupanga kukana kwambiri kwa mpweya. Ulusi wowongoka mwachisawawa umapanga zotchinga zosawerengeka ku tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndipo danga lalikulu pakati pa ulusiwo limalola kuti mpweya udutse bwino kuti uteteze gawo lotsatira la zosefera mu dongosolo ndi dongosolo lokha. Pali mikhalidwe iwiri yakuyenda kwa mpweya wosabala m'nyumba: imodzi ndi laminar (ndiko kuti, particles zonse zoyimitsidwa m'chipindamo zimasungidwa mu laminar wosanjikiza); inayo si laminar (ndiko kuti, kutuluka kwa mpweya wa m'nyumba kumakhala chipwirikiti). M'zipinda zoyera kwambiri, kutuluka kwa mpweya wa m'nyumba sikukhala laminar (kusokonekera), komwe sikungangosakaniza mwamsanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mlengalenga, komanso kumapangitsa kuti tinthu tating'ono m'chipindamo tiwulukenso, ndipo mpweya wina ukhoza kutsika.

6. Kupewa moto ndi kuchotsedwa kwa ma workshop aukhondo

1) Mlingo wokana moto wa malo ochitira misonkhano uyenera kukhala wotsika kuposa 2;

2) Zowopsa zamoto zogwirira ntchito zopanga m'magawo aukhondo zidzasankhidwa ndikukhazikitsidwa molingana ndi mulingo wapadziko lonse lapansi "Code for Fire Prevention of Building Design".

3) Denga ndi mapanelo apakhoma a chipinda choyera sayenera kuyaka, ndipo zida zophatikizika siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kukana moto malire a denga si osachepera 0.4h, ndi moto kukana malire a denga la panjira kusamutsidwa adzakhala osachepera 1.0h.

4) Mu nyumba ya fakitale yokwanira mkati mwa zone yozimitsa moto, njira zogawanitsa thupi zosayaka ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa pakati pa malo opangira ukhondo ndi malo opangira. Mlingo wokana moto wa khoma logawanitsa ndi denga lofananira siliyenera kukhala lochepera 1h. Zida zosagwira moto kapena zosagwira moto ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kudzaza mapaipi odutsa pakhoma kapena padenga;

5) Zotuluka zachitetezo zidzabalalitsidwa, ndipo sipayenera kukhala njira zowawa kuchokera kumalo opangirako kupita kumalo opulumukirako, ndipo zizindikilo zowonekera zidzakhazikitsidwa.

6) Khomo lotulutsira chitetezo lomwe limalumikiza malo oyera ndi malo osayera komanso malo oyera panja adzatsegulidwa potuluka. Khomo lotulutsiramo lotetezeka lisakhale khomo loyimitsidwa, khomo lapadera, khomo lolowera mbali kapena chitseko chodziwikiratu chamagetsi. Khoma lakunja la malo ochitirako ukhondo ndi malo oyera pansi omwewo ayenera kukhala ndi zitseko ndi mazenera kuti ozimitsa moto alowe m'dera loyera la msonkhanowo, ndipo njira yapadera yotulukira moto iyenera kuikidwa pambali yoyenera ya khoma lakunja.

Tanthauzo la zokambirana za GMP: GMP ndiye chidule cha Good Production Practice. Zomwe zili mkati mwake ndikuyika patsogolo zofunikira zomwe zimafunikira kuti bizinesiyo ipangire bwino, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zopangira, kulondola komanso kukhazikika kwa ntchito zopanga. Chitsimikizo cha GMP chimatanthawuza njira yomwe boma ndi madipatimenti ofunikira amawongolera zowunikira mbali zonse zabizinesi, monga ogwira ntchito, maphunziro, malo opangira mbewu, malo opangira, ukhondo, kasamalidwe kazinthu, kasamalidwe kazinthu, kasamalidwe kaubwino, ndi kasamalidwe ka malonda, kuti awone ngati akukwaniritsa zofunikira pakuwongolera. GMP imafuna kuti opanga zinthu azikhala ndi zida zabwino zopangira, njira zopangira zoyenerera, kasamalidwe kabwino kabwino komanso njira zoyesera zolimba kuti zitsimikizire kuti mtundu wa chinthu chomaliza ukukwaniritsa zofunikira. Kupanga zinthu zina kuyenera kuchitika m'ma workshop ovomerezeka a GMP. Kukhazikitsa GMP, kukonza zinthu zabwino, komanso kukulitsa malingaliro a ntchito ndiye maziko ndi gwero la chitukuko cha mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati pansi pazachuma pamsika. Kuipitsidwa kwa zipinda zoyera ndi kuwongolera kwake: Tanthauzo la kuipitsa: Kuipitsa kumatanthauza zinthu zonse zosafunikira. Kaya ndi zakuthupi kapena mphamvu, malinga ngati sizili chigawo cha mankhwala, sikoyenera kukhalapo ndikukhudza ntchito ya mankhwala. Pali zinthu zinayi zoyambira kuipitsa: 1. Zida (zotchinga, pansi, khoma); 2. Zida, zida; 3. Ogwira ntchito; 4. Zogulitsa. Zindikirani: Kuwonongeka kwapang'ono kungayesedwe mu ma microns, omwe ndi: 1000μm=1mm. Nthawi zambiri timatha kuwona tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi tinthu tating'ono kuposa 50μm, ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tochepera 50μm titha kuwoneka ndi microscope. Kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'zipinda makamaka kumachokera ku mbali ziwiri: kuipitsidwa kwa thupi la munthu ndi kuipitsidwa kwa zida za msonkhano. Pansi pa zochitika zakuthupi, thupi la munthu nthawi zonse limakhetsa masikelo a cell, omwe ambiri amanyamula mabakiteriya. Popeza mpweya umatsitsimutsanso tinthu tambirimbiri ta fumbi, umapereka zonyamulira komanso moyo wa mabakiteriya, motero mlengalenga ndiwo gwero lalikulu la mabakiteriya. Anthu ndiwo gwero lalikulu la kuipitsa. Anthu akamalankhula ndi kusuntha, amamasula tinthu tambirimbiri ta fumbi, zomwe zimamatira pamwamba pa chinthucho ndikuipitsa mankhwalawo. Ngakhale kuti ogwira ntchito m’chipinda chaukhondo amavala zovala zoyera, zovala zaukhondo sizingalepheretse kufalikira kwa tizidutswa tating’ono. Zambiri mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu zidzakhazikika posachedwapa pamwamba pa chinthucho chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka, ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono timagwera pamwamba pa chinthucho ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya. Pokhapokha tinthu ting'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'onoting'ono ndikuphatikizana pamodzi tingawone ndi maso. Pofuna kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa zipinda zaukhondo ndi ogwira ntchito, ogwira ntchito ayenera kutsatira mosamalitsa malamulo polowa ndi kutuluka. Chinthu choyamba musanalowe m'chipinda choyera ndikuvula malaya anu m'chipinda choyamba chosinthira, kuvala ma slippers okhazikika, ndiyeno mulowe m'chipinda chachiwiri kuti musinthe nsapato. Musanalowe mu shift yachiwiri, sambani ndi kuumitsa manja anu mu chipinda chosungiramo zinthu. Yanikani manja anu kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa manja anu mpaka manja anu asakhale onyowa. Mukalowa m'chipinda chachiwiri chosinthira, sinthani masilapu oyamba, valani zovala zogwirira ntchito zosabala, ndi kuvala nsapato zoyeretsera zachiwiri. Pali mfundo zitatu zofunika kwambiri povala zovala zantchito zaukhondo: A. Valani bwino ndipo musaonetse tsitsi lanu; B. Chophimbacho chiyenera kuphimba mphuno; C. Tsukani fumbi kuchokera pazovala zantchito zaukhondo musanalowe mu malo aukhondo. Poyang'anira zopangira, kuwonjezera pazifukwa zina, pali antchito ambiri omwe samalowa m'malo oyera momwe amafunikira ndipo zidazo sizisamalidwa mosamalitsa. Chifukwa chake, opanga zinthu amafunikira kwambiri opanga zinthu ndikukulitsa kuzindikira kwaukhondo kwa ogwira ntchito. Kuipitsa anthu - mabakiteriya:

1. Kuipitsa kopangidwa ndi anthu: (1) Khungu: Nthaŵi zambiri anthu amakhetsa khungu lawo kotheratu masiku anayi aliwonse, ndipo anthu amakhetsa pafupifupi zidutswa 1,000 za khungu pa mphindi imodzi (avareji ya ma microns 30 * 60 * 3) (2) Tsitsi: Tsitsi la munthu (m’mimba mwake ndi pafupifupi ma microns 50–100) limagwa mosalekeza. (3) Malovu: ali ndi sodium, michere, mchere, potaziyamu, chloride ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta chakudya. (4) Zovala zatsiku ndi tsiku: particles, fibers, silica, cellulose, mankhwala osiyanasiyana ndi mabakiteriya. (5) Anthu adzapanga tinthu 10,000 zazikulu kuposa ma microns 0.3 pa mphindi imodzi akakhala chete kapena atakhala.

2. Kusanthula deta ya mayeso akunja kumasonyeza kuti: (1) M'chipinda choyera, pamene ogwira ntchito amavala zovala zosabala: kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya omwe amatulutsidwa akadali nthawi zambiri 10 ~ 300 / min. Kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya omwe amatulutsidwa pamene thupi la munthu limagwira ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi 150 ~ 1000 / min. Kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya omwe amatulutsidwa pamene munthu akuyenda mofulumira ndi 900 ~ 2500 / min.munthu. (2) Nthawi zambiri chifuwa chimakhala 70~700/min.munthu. (3) Kuyetsemula nthawi zambiri kumakhala 4000~62000/min.munthu. (4) Kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya omwe amatuluka akavala zovala wamba ndi 3300~62000/min.person. (5) Kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya otulutsidwa popanda chigoba: kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya opangidwa ndi chigoba ndi 1: 7 ~ 1:14.