Cholinga choyeretsa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuonetsetsa kuti chipinda choyera chikukwaniritsa ukhondo wofunikira wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera. Chifukwa chake, kuyeretsa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'chipinda choyera ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakuletsa kuipitsidwa. Izi ndi njira zisanu ndi zitatu zofunika pakuyeretsa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti chitsimikizire kuti chipinda choyera chili "choyera".
1. Kumvetsetsa bwino za kuyeretsa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Kuyeretsa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mfundo ziwiri zosiyana, nthawi zina zimasokonezeka. Kuyeretsa, makamaka, kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito sopo ndipo kuyenera kuchitika musanaphe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zotsukira zimatsuka malo, kuchotsa "mafuta" pamwamba (monga fumbi ndi mafuta). Kuchotsa mafuta ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri musanaphe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, popeza mafuta ambiri pamwamba amakhalabe, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sikungathandize kwambiri.
Mankhwala oyeretsera nthawi zambiri amalowa mu mafuta, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu ya pamwamba pake (mafutawo amamatira pamwamba) kuti achotsedwe (mwachidule, sopo amawonjezera mphamvu yoyeretsera madzi).
Kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumaphatikizapo kuyeretsa thupi ndi mankhwala, zomwe zimatha kupha mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nawonso ndi ma sporicides).
2. Kusankha zotsukira ndi zophera tizilombo zoyenera kwambiri
Kusankha oyeretsa ndi ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda oyenera n'kofunika kwambiri. Oyang'anira zipinda zotsukira ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti zotsukira ndi zophera tizilombo zikugwira ntchito bwino ndikusankha zotsukira ndi zophera tizilombo zoyenera pa mtundu uliwonse wa zipinda zotsukira. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti zinthu zina zotsukira ndi zophera tizilombo sizingasakanizidwe.
Posankha chotsukira, mfundo zotsatirazi ndizofunikira:
a) Chotsukiracho chiyenera kukhala chopanda utsi komanso chopanda ioni.
b) Chotsukiracho chisatuluke thovu.
c) Chotsukira chiyenera kugwirizana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (mwachitsanzo, mankhwala otsala otsukira sayenera kusokoneza mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo).
Posankha mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mfundo zotsatirazi ziyenera kuganiziridwa:
a) Kuti akwaniritse malamulo a GMP, mankhwala awiri ophera tizilombo ayenera kusinthidwa. Ngakhale kuti akuluakulu oyang'anira amafuna kuti pakhale mankhwala awiri osiyana ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, malinga ndi sayansi, izi sizofunikira. Kuti athetse vutoli, ayenera kusankha mankhwala awiri ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi mphamvu zosiyana. Ndikoyenera kusankha mankhwala amodzi ophera tizilombo omwe amapha mabakiteriya.
b) Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ayenera kukhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amapha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuphatikizapo mabakiteriya onse a gramu-negative ndi gramu-positive.
c) Mwanjira yabwino, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ayenera kugwira ntchito mwachangu. Kuthamanga kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumadalira nthawi yomwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amafunika kuti aphe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Nthawi yokhudzana ndi mankhwalawa ndi nthawi yomwe pamwamba pake payenera kukhala ponyowa.
d) Zotsalira za organic ndi zotsalira za sopo siziyenera kusokoneza mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
e) Pa zipinda zoyera zapamwamba (monga ISO 14644 Class 5 ndi 7), mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ayenera kukhala osapatsiridwa kapena osawiritsidwa ndi ogwira ntchito m'zipinda zoyera.
f) Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwa chipinda choyeretsera. Ngati chipinda choyeretsera chili mufiriji, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ayenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti akugwira ntchito kutentha komweko.
g) Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sayenera kuwononga zinthu zomwe zikutsukidwa. Ngati pali kuthekera kwa kuwonongeka, njira ziyenera kutengedwa kuti zisawonongeke. Mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amapha mabakiteriya amakhala ndi chlorine, yomwe ingawononge zinthu monga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ngati zotsalirazo sizichotsedwa nthawi yomweyo mutagwiritsa ntchito.
h) Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ayenera kukhala osavulaza anthu ogwira ntchito ndipo ayenera kutsatira malamulo a zaumoyo ndi chitetezo cha m'deralo.
i) Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ayenera kukhala otsika mtengo, osavuta kusungunula, komanso opezeka m'zidebe zoyenera, monga mabotolo opopera m'manja. 3. Kumvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, oyenera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndipo amakhala ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana polimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amatha kugwira ntchito pa maselo a tizilombo m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kulunjika khoma la selo, nembanemba ya cytoplasmic (kumene ma phospholipids ndi ma enzyme amapereka zolinga zosiyanasiyana zogaya chakudya), kapena cytoplasm. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa mitundu iyi ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikofunikira kwambiri posankha pakati pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapha spore ndi omwe sapha spore (kusiyanitsa pakati pa mankhwala osapha okosijeni ndi okosijeni).
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osayambitsa okosijeni ndi monga alcohols, aldehydes, amphoteric surfactants, biguanides, phenols, ndi quaternary ammonium compounds. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amaphatikizapo ma halogen ndi zinthu zophera okosijeni monga peracetic acid ndi chlorine dioxide.
4. Kutsimikizira mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Kutsimikizira kumaphatikizapo kuyesa kwa labotale pogwiritsa ntchito miyezo ya AOAC (ya ku America) kapena ya ku Ulaya. Kuyesa kwina kungachitike ndi wopanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, pomwe kwina kuyenera kuchitika m'nyumba. Kutsimikizira mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumaphatikizapo kuyesa mayeso ovuta, komwe kumaphatikizapo kuyesa mayankho ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda okhala ndi kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana (monga zoyimitsidwa), kuyesa malo osiyanasiyana, ndikuyesa mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe tachotsedwa m'malo osungiramo mankhwala.
5. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
M'machitidwe, zinthu zambiri zingakhudze momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amagwirira ntchito. Kumvetsetsa zinthu izi ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti ntchito yophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ipambane. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kugwira ntchito bwino kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi izi:
a) Kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: Ndi kusankha kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komwe kumatsimikizira kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ambiri. Lingaliro lakuti kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumapha mabakiteriya ambiri ndi nthano chabe, chifukwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati kuchuluka koyenera kuli koyenera.
b) Nthawi: Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi yofunika kwambiri. Nthawi yokwanira imafunika kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amangirire ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kulowa m'makoma a maselo, ndikufikira pamalo enieni.
c) Chiwerengero ndi mtundu wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sagwira ntchito bwino polimbana ndi mitundu ina ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mwachitsanzo, ngati gulu lalikulu la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda todziimira tokha litasonkhana pamodzi, mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alibe mphamvu yopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sagwira ntchito. d) Kutentha ndi pH: Mankhwala aliwonse ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ali ndi pH yoyenera komanso kutentha kuti agwire bwino ntchito. Ngati kutentha ndi pH zili kunja kwa mitundu iyi, mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda idzachepa.
6. Zipangizo zoyeretsera
Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa ndi kuyeretsa ziyenera kukhala zoyenera komanso zokhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mofanana sopo wochepa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zotsukira ndi zophera tizilombo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi, pamalo opangira zida, ndi makoma m'malo opangira zinthu zoyera ziyenera kukhala zovomerezeka m'chipinda choyera komanso zopanda tinthu tating'onoting'ono (monga nsalu zosalukidwa, ubweya wopanda nsalu).
7. Njira zoyeretsera
Njira zoyeretsera ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndizofunikira kwambiri. Ngati sopo ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sizigwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, sizingayeretse bwino malowo. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sangathe kulowa pamwamba pa mafuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tichuluke kwambiri m'malo osungiramo zinthu. Njira zoyeretsera ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa, monga:
Chotsani fumbi ndi zinyalala (ngati zingatheke); Pukutani ndi sopo wothira mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti muwonetsetse kuti sopo wothira mankhwala wauma; Pukutani ndi sopo wothira mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti malo olumikizirana azikhala onyowa komanso kuti nthawi yolumikizirana ikhale yogwira; Pukutani ndi madzi oti mugwiritse ntchito jakisoni kapena 70% IPA (isopropyl alcohol) kuti muchotse zotsalira zilizonse za sopo wothira mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
8. Kuyang'anira momwe kuyeretsa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zimagwirira ntchito
Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa kuyeretsa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumayesedwa makamaka kudzera mu zotsatira za kuyang'anira chilengedwe cha chipinda choyera. Kuwunikaku kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito malo oyesera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pogwiritsa ntchito mbale zolumikizira ndi swab. Ngati zotsatira zake sizili mkati mwa malire omwe afotokozedwa kapena miyezo yoyang'anira mkati mwa kampani, pakhoza kukhala mavuto ndi zinthu zotsukira ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsa, kapena njira yotsukira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati zotsatira zake zikugwirizana ndi miyezo, oyang'anira zipinda zoyera akhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti chipinda choyera ndi "choyera"di.
Chidule
Zomwe zili pamwambapa zikufotokoza njira zisanu ndi zitatu zosungira ukhondo wa m'chipinda choyera pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oyeretsera ndi ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ndikofunikira kuti njira izi ziphatikizidwe mu njira zoyendetsera ntchito (SOPs) ndi kuti aphunzitsidwe kwa ogwira ntchito ndi oyang'anira. Malo oyeretsera akavomerezedwa ndipo akuyang'aniridwa, chofunika kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira kapena njira zoyenera, mankhwala oyeretsera ndi ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda oyenera, komanso kuyeretsa ndi kuphera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi zonse panthawi zomwe zafotokozedwa. Mwanjira imeneyi, chipinda choyeretsera chikhoza kukhala choyera.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-13-2025