Kubadwa kwa chipinda choyeretsera chamakono kudachokera kumakampani ankhondo anthawi yankhondo. M'zaka za m'ma 1920, dziko la United States linayambitsa koyamba kufunikira kwa malo opangira ukhondo panthawi yopanga ma gyroscope pamakampani oyendetsa ndege. Kuti athetse kuipitsidwa kwa fumbi la zida za ndege ndi mayendedwe a ndege, adakhazikitsa "malo osonkhanitsira olamulidwa" m'malo opangira ma workshop ndi ma labotale, kulekanitsa njira yolumikizirana ndi madera ena opanga ndi ogwirira ntchito pomwe akuperekanso mpweya wosefedwa. Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, matekinoloje oyeretsa zipinda zoyera monga zosefera za hepa adapangidwa kuti akwaniritse zosowa zankhondo. Ukadaulo uwu udagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakufufuza zoyeserera zankhondo ndi kukonza zinthu kuti zitheke kulondola, miniaturization, chiyero chapamwamba, chapamwamba, komanso kudalirika kwambiri. M'zaka za m'ma 1950, panthawi ya nkhondo ya ku Korea, asilikali a ku United States anakumana ndi kulephera kwa zipangizo zamagetsi. Ma radar opitilira 80% adalephera, pafupifupi 50% ya ma hydroacoustic positioners adalephera, ndipo 70% ya zida zamagetsi zankhondo zidalephera. Ndalama zokonzetsera zapachaka zidaposa mtengo woyambilira wowirikiza kawiri chifukwa cha kudalirika kwa chigawocho komanso kusakhazikika bwino. Pamapeto pake, asitikali aku US adazindikira chomwe chimayambitsa fumbi komanso malo odetsedwa afakitole, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti magawo azikolola pang'ono. Ngakhale kuti panali njira zokhwima zotsekereza zokambirana zopanga, vutoli linathetsedwa kwambiri. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa zosefera za mpweya wa hepa m'mashopu amenewa pamapeto pake kunathetsa nkhaniyi, kuwonetsa kubadwa kwa chipinda choyera chamakono.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, dziko la United States linapanga ndi kupanga zosefera za mpweya wa hepa, zomwe zikuwonetsa kupambana koyamba muukadaulo waukhondo. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale zipinda zingapo zoyeretsera mafakitale m'magulu ankhondo aku US ndi ma satana, ndipo pambuyo pake, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo kwakukulu popanga zida zoyendera ndege ndi panyanja, ma accelerometer, ma gyroscopes, ndi zida zamagetsi. Pamene ukadaulo wa cleanroom ukupita patsogolo mwachangu ku US, mayiko otukuka padziko lonse lapansi adayambanso kufufuza ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito. Akuti kampani yoponya mizinga yaku US idapeza kuti popanga ma gyroscopes owongolera mumsonkhano wa Purdy, kukonzanso kumafunika ka 120 pa mayunitsi 10 aliwonse opangidwa. Pamene msonkhano unkachitika m'malo okhala ndi kuipitsidwa kwafumbi koyendetsedwa bwino, kuchuluka kwa ntchitoyo kunachepetsedwa kukhala ziwiri zokha. Poyerekeza mayendedwe a gyroscope omwe amasonkhanitsidwa pa 1200 rpm m'malo opanda fumbi komanso malo afumbi (okhala ndi tinthu tating'ono ting'ono 3μm ndi tinthu tating'ono ta 1000 pc/m³) tikuwonetsa kusiyana kwa nthawi 100 pa moyo wazinthu. Zochitika zopanga izi zidawonetsa kufunikira ndi kufulumira kwa kuyeretsedwa kwa mpweya m'makampani ankhondo ndipo zidathandizira kuti pakhale luso laukadaulo wamlengalenga panthawiyo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo waukhondo pagulu lankhondo kumawongolera magwiridwe antchito ndi moyo wautumiki wa zida. Poyang'anira ukhondo wa mpweya, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi zowonongeka zina, teknoloji yoyera ya mpweya imapereka malo oyendetsedwa bwino a zida zankhondo, kuonetsetsa kuti zokolola zimachokera, kupititsa patsogolo kupanga bwino, kuteteza thanzi la ogwira ntchito, komanso kutsatira malamulo. Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wa mpweya wabwino umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo ankhondo ndi ma laboratories kuti awonetsetse kuti zida ndi zida zolondola zikuyenda bwino.
Kuphulika kwa nkhondo yapadziko lonse kumalimbikitsa chitukuko cha makampani ankhondo. Makampani omwe akukula mofulumirawa amafunikira malo opangira zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri, kaya zowongolera zopangira, kukonza ndi kusonkhanitsa zigawo, kapena kukulitsa kudalirika ndi moyo wautumiki wa zigawo ndi zida zonse. Zofunikira zapamwamba zikuyikidwa pazogulitsa, monga miniaturization, kulondola kwambiri, chiyero chapamwamba, mtundu wapamwamba, komanso kudalirika kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wotsogola kwambiri wopangira zinthu umakhala wokwera kwambiri, m'pamenenso ukhondo umayenera kukhala pamalo opangira zinthu.
Ukadaulo wa Cleanroom umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'gulu lankhondo popanga ndi kukonza ndege, zombo zankhondo, zoponya, ndi zida zanyukiliya, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukonza zida zamagetsi pankhondo. Tekinoloje ya Cleanroom imatsimikizira kulondola kwa zida zankhondo komanso kuyera kwa malo opangira zinthu powongolera zowononga zoyendetsedwa ndi mpweya monga tinthu tating'onoting'ono, mpweya wowopsa, ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, potero kumathandizira magwiridwe antchito ndi kudalirika kwa zida.
Ntchito zoyeretsa m'gulu lankhondo makamaka zimaphatikizira makina olondola, kupanga zida zamagetsi, komanso zakuthambo. Pamakina olondola, chipinda choyeretsera chimapereka malo opanda fumbi komanso osagwira ntchito, kuwonetsetsa kulondola komanso mtundu wamagawo amakina. Mwachitsanzo, pulogalamu yofikira mwezi wa Apollo inkafunika ukhondo wapamwamba kwambiri pa makina olondola komanso zida zowongolera zamagetsi, pomwe ukadaulo wapachipinda choyera udagwira ntchito yayikulu. Pakupanga zida zamagetsi, cleanroom imachepetsa kulephera kwa zida zamagetsi. Tekinoloje ya Cleanroom ndiyofunikiranso pamakampani azamlengalenga. Pamaulendo otsetsereka a mwezi wa Apollo, sikuti zida zowongolera bwino komanso zida zamagetsi zimafunikira malo oyera kwambiri, koma zotengera ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pobweza miyala ya mwezi zimayeneranso kukumana ndi ukhondo wapamwamba kwambiri. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale ukadaulo wa laminar flow and Class 100 cleanroom. Popanga ndege, zombo zankhondo, ndi zoponya zoponya, malo oyeretsa amatsimikiziranso kupanga zida zolondola ndikuchepetsa kulephera kobwera chifukwa cha fumbi.
Ukadaulo wa Cleanroom umagwiritsidwanso ntchito muzamankhwala ankhondo, kafukufuku wasayansi, ndi magawo ena kuti zitsimikizire kulondola komanso chitetezo cha zida ndi zoyeserera pansi pamikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, miyezo ndi zida zoyeretsera zikusinthidwa pafupipafupi, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kunkhondo kukukulirakulira.
Popanga ndi kukonza zida za nyukiliya, malo oyera amalepheretsa kufalikira kwa zida za radioactive ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo chopanga. Kukonza zida zamagetsi: M'malo omenyera nkhondo, chipinda choyera chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga zida zamagetsi, kuteteza fumbi ndi chinyezi kuti zisakhudze momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Kupanga zida zachipatala: M'chipatala chankhondo, chipinda choyera chimawonetsetsa kuti zida zachipatala ndizosalimba ndikuwongolera chitetezo chake.
Mizinga ya Intercontinental, monga gawo lofunika kwambiri la mphamvu zamtundu wa dziko, machitidwe awo ndi kudalirika kwawo kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi chitetezo cha dziko ndi mphamvu zolepheretsa. Chifukwa chake, kuwongolera ukhondo ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakupanga ndi kupanga mizinga. Ukhondo wosakwanira ungayambitse kuipitsidwa kwa zida za missile, zomwe zimakhudza kulondola, kukhazikika, ndi moyo wautali. Ukhondo wapamwamba ndi wofunikira makamaka pazinthu zazikulu monga injini za missile ndi machitidwe owongolera, kuonetsetsa kuti mivi ikugwira ntchito mokhazikika. Pofuna kuonetsetsa ukhondo wa zida zoponya zoponyamo, opanga amakhazikitsa njira zingapo zowongolera zaukhondo, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zipinda zoyera, mabenchi aukhondo, zovala zoyera, komanso kuyeretsa nthawi zonse ndikuyesa malo opangira.
Malo oyeretsa amagawidwa molingana ndi ukhondo wawo, ndipo milingo yotsika ikuwonetsa ukhondo wapamwamba. Magiredi wamba a zipinda zoyeretsera amaphatikiza: Chipinda choyera cha Class 100, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe amafunikira ukhondo wambiri, monga ma laboratories achilengedwe. Chipinda choyera cha Class 1000, choyenera madera omwe amafunikira kuwongolera mwatsatanetsatane komanso kupanga panthawi yopititsa patsogolo mizinga yodutsa; Chipinda choyera cha Class 10000, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zomwe zimafuna ukhondo wambiri, monga kuphatikiza zida za hydraulic kapena pneumatic. Class 10000 cleanroom, yoyenera kupanga zida zolondola kwambiri.
Kukula kwa ICBM kumafuna Class 1000 cleanroom. Ukhondo mumlengalenga ndi wofunikira pakupanga ndi kupanga ma ICBM, makamaka panthawi yotumiza ndi kupanga zida zotsogola kwambiri, monga kupanga laser ndi chip, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafunikira malo a Class 10000 kapena Class 1000 oyeretsa kwambiri. Kukula kwa ICBM kumafunanso zida zoyeretsera, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, makamaka pankhani yamafuta opatsa mphamvu kwambiri, zida zophatikizika, komanso kupanga mwatsatanetsatane. Choyamba, mafuta amphamvu kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma ICBM amaika zofunikira pa malo aukhondo. Kukula kwamafuta amphamvu kwambiri monga NEPE mafuta olimba (NEPE, afupikitsa a Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether Propellant), mafuta olimba omwe amawonedwa ngati apamwamba kwambiri okhala ndi chidwi cha 2685 N·s/kg (chofanana ndi masekondi 274 odabwitsa). Zolimbikitsa zosinthazi zidayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 ndipo zidapangidwa mwaluso ndi Hercules Corporation ku United States. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, idatulukira ngati nitramine solid propellant. Ndi kachulukidwe kake kapadera ka mphamvu, idakhala chopangira mphamvu zolimba kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.) Zimafunikira kuwongolera mosamalitsa ukhondo wa chilengedwe kuti ziteteze zonyansa zisakhudze magwiridwe antchito amafuta. Malo oyeretsera ayenera kukhala ndi makina oyeretsera mpweya komanso njira zochizira, kuphatikiza zosefera za hepa air (HEPA) ndi Ultra-hepa air (ULPA), kuti achotse zinthu zobwera ndi mpweya, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ndi zinthu zoyipa. Mafani ndi makina oziziritsira mpweya ayenera kukhala ndi kutentha koyenera, chinyezi, ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya kuti zitsimikizire kuti mpweya wabwino ukukwaniritsa zofunika kupanga. Mafuta amtundu uwu amafunikira kwambiri pakupanga kawonekedwe ka tirigu (kapangidwe kakekedwe kake ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri pakupanga injini ya roketi, yomwe imakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito ndi kudalirika kwa injini. Geometry ya ngano ndi kusankha kukula kuyenera kuganizira zinthu zingapo, kuphatikiza nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito injini, kuthamanga kwa chipinda choyaka, ndi kukankhira) ndi njira zopangira. Malo aukhondo amatsimikizira kukhazikika kwamafuta ndi chitetezo.
Kachiwiri, mizinga yophatikizika ya mivi ya intercontinental imafunikiranso zida zoyera. Zida zophatikizika monga mpweya wa kaboni ndi fiber aramid zimalukidwa mubokosi la injini, zida zapadera ndi njira zimafunikira kuti zitsimikizire mphamvu zakuthupi komanso zopepuka. Malo oyera amachepetsa kuipitsidwa panthawi yopanga, kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito zakuthupi sizikukhudzidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kupanga kolondola kwa zida zoponyera zoponya kumafunikiranso zida zoyera. Upangiri, kulumikizana, ndi makina othamangitsira mkati mwa zida zonse zimafunikira kupanga ndi kusonkhanitsidwa pamalo aukhondo kwambiri kuti fumbi ndi zonyansa zisakhudze magwiridwe antchito.
Mwachidule, zida zoyera ndizofunikira pakupanga zida zoponyera zoponya. Imawonetsetsa magwiridwe antchito ndi chitetezo chamafuta, zida, ndi machitidwe, potero kumapangitsa kudalirika komanso kulimba kwa zida zonse zankhondo.
Ntchito zoyeretsa m'chipinda choyera zimapitilira kukula kwa mizinga ndipo zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri m'magulu ankhondo, zakuthambo, ma labotale achilengedwe, kupanga ma chip, kupanga magalasi owoneka bwino, ndi magawo ena. Ndi kukula kosalekeza kwa matekinoloje atsopano mu sayansi yamakompyuta, biology, ndi biochemistry, komanso kupita patsogolo kwachangu kwa mafakitale apamwamba kwambiri, makampani opanga uinjiniya wapadziko lonse lapansi apeza ntchito komanso kuzindikirika padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale makampani oyeretsa akukumana ndi zovuta, amadzazanso ndi mwayi. Kuchita bwino pamakampaniwa kumayenderana ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo komanso kuyankha mwachangu pakusintha kwamisika.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-25-2025