Kubadwa kwa chipinda chotsukira chamakono kunayambira mu makampani ankhondo a nthawi ya nkhondo. M'zaka za m'ma 1920, dziko la United States linayamba kukhazikitsa lamulo loti pakhale malo oyera opangira zinthu panthawi yopanga gyroscope mumakampani opanga ndege. Pofuna kuthetsa kuipitsidwa kwa fumbi la zida za ndege ndi ma bearing, adakhazikitsa "malo olamulidwa osonkhanitsira" m'mafakitale opanga zinthu ndi ma laboratories, ndikulekanitsa njira yosonkhanitsira ma bearing kuchokera kumadera ena opangira ndi ogwirira ntchito komanso kupereka mpweya wosefedwa nthawi zonse. Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, ukadaulo wa chipinda chotsukira monga zosefera za hepa unapangidwa kuti ukwaniritse zosowa za nkhondo. Ukadaulo uwu unkagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakufufuza zankhondo ndi kukonza zinthu kuti ukwaniritse kulondola, kuchepera, kuyera kwambiri, khalidwe labwino, komanso kudalirika kwambiri. M'zaka za m'ma 1950, panthawi ya Nkhondo ya Korea, asilikali aku US adakumana ndi kulephera kwakukulu kwa zida zamagetsi. Ma radar opitilira 80% adalephera, pafupifupi 50% ya malo oimika ma hydroacoustic adalephera, ndipo 70% ya zida zamagetsi zankhondo zidalephera. Ndalama zosamalira pachaka zidapitilira kawiri mtengo woyambirira chifukwa cha kudalirika kochepa kwa zigawo ndi khalidwe losasinthasintha. Pamapeto pake, asilikali a ku US adazindikira chomwe chimayambitsa vutoli ndi fumbi ndi malo osayera a fakitale, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale zokolola zochepa. Ngakhale kuti panali njira zolimba zotsekera malo opangira zinthu, vutoli linathetsedwa kwambiri. Kuyambitsidwa kwa zosefera mpweya wa hepa m'malo opangira zinthu amenewa pamapeto pake kunathetsa vutoli, zomwe zinayambitsa kubadwa kwa malo oyeretsera amakono.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, dziko la US linapanga ndi kupanga zosefera mpweya za hepa, zomwe zinayambitsa chitukuko chachikulu mu ukadaulo wa zipinda zoyera. Izi zinathandiza kukhazikitsidwa kwa zipinda zoyera zamafakitale zingapo m'magulu opanga zida zankhondo zaku US ndi ma satellite, ndipo pambuyo pake, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo kwakukulu popanga zida zoyendera ndege ndi zapamadzi, ma accelerometer, ma gyroscope, ndi zida zamagetsi. Pamene ukadaulo wa zipinda zoyera unkapita patsogolo mwachangu ku US, mayiko otukuka padziko lonse lapansi adayambanso kufufuza ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Akuti kampani ya zida zankhondo yaku US idapeza kuti posonkhanitsa ma gyroscope owongolera opanda mphamvu mu workshop ya Purdy, kukonzanso kumafunika pafupifupi nthawi 120 pa mayunitsi 10 aliwonse opangidwa. Pamene kusonkhanitsa kunkachitika m'malo okhala ndi fumbi lolamulidwa, kuchuluka kwa kukonzanso kunachepetsedwa kufika pawiri zokha. Poyerekeza ma bearing a gyroscope omwe adasonkhanitsidwa pa 1200 rpm m'malo opanda fumbi komanso m'malo okhala ndi fumbi (okhala ndi mainchesi apakati a tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta 3μm ndi kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'ono ta 1000 pc/m³) kunawonetsa kusiyana kwa nthawi 100 pa moyo wa chinthu. Zochitika izi zopanga zidawonetsa kufunika ndi kufunikira kwa kuyeretsa mpweya m'makampani ankhondo ndipo zidagwira ntchito ngati mphamvu yoyendetsera chitukuko cha ukadaulo wa mpweya woyera panthawiyo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa mpweya woyera m'gulu lankhondo kumathandizira kwambiri magwiridwe antchito ndi moyo wa zida. Mwa kuwongolera ukhondo wa mpweya, kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi zina zodetsa, ukadaulo wa mpweya woyera umapereka malo olamulidwa bwino a zida, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino, kukonza bwino ntchito yopangira, kuteteza thanzi la ogwira ntchito, komanso kutsatira malamulo. Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wa mpweya woyera umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo ankhondo ndi m'ma laboratories kuti zitsimikizire kuti zida ndi zida zolondola zikugwira ntchito bwino.
Kubuka kwa nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi kukulimbikitsa chitukuko cha makampani ankhondo. Makampaniwa omwe akukula mofulumira amafuna malo opangira zinthu abwino kwambiri, kaya kuti zinthu zopangira zinthu zikhale zoyera, kukonza ndi kusonkhanitsa ziwalo, kapena kukulitsa kudalirika ndi moyo wautumiki wa zida ndi zida zonse. Zofunikira zazikulu zikuyikidwa pa magwiridwe antchito azinthu, monga miniaturization, high usahihi, high chiyero, high quality, ndi high kudalirika. Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wopanga zinthu ukakula, ndiye kuti ukhondo wa malo opangira zinthu umakhala wokwera kwambiri.
Ukadaulo wa Cleanroom umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'gulu lankhondo popanga ndi kukonza ndege, zombo zankhondo, zida zankhondo, ndi zida za nyukiliya, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukonza zida zamagetsi panthawi yankhondo. Ukadaulo wa Cleanroom umatsimikizira kulondola kwa zida zankhondo komanso kuyera kwa malo opangira zinthu mwa kuwongolera zinthu zodetsa mpweya monga tinthu tating'onoting'ono, mpweya woopsa, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, motero kukonza magwiridwe antchito ndi kudalirika kwa zida.
Ntchito zoyeretsa m'gulu lankhondo zimaphatikizapo makina olondola, kupanga zida zamagetsi, ndi ndege. Pa makina olondola, chipinda choyeretsa chimapereka malo ogwirira ntchito opanda fumbi komanso osakhala ndi fumbi, kuonetsetsa kuti zida zamakanika zikuyenda bwino komanso bwino. Mwachitsanzo, pulogalamu yofikira mwezi ya Apollo inkafuna ukhondo wapamwamba kwambiri pamakina olondola komanso zida zamagetsi zowongolera, komwe ukadaulo wa chipinda choyeretsa unkagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Pakupanga zida zamagetsi, chipinda choyeretsa chimachepetsa kulephera kwa zida zamagetsi. Ukadaulo wa chipinda choyeretsa ndi wofunikira kwambiri mumakampani opanga ndege. Pa nthawi ya maulendo ofikira mwezi ku Apollo, sikuti makina olondola okha komanso zida zamagetsi zowongolera zamagetsi zimafuna malo oyera kwambiri, komanso zotengera ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kubweretsa miyala ya mwezi ziyeneranso kukwaniritsa miyezo yapamwamba kwambiri ya ukhondo. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale ukadaulo wa kuyenda kwa laminar ndi chipinda choyeretsa cha Class 100. Pakupanga ndege, zombo zankhondo, ndi zida zoponya, chipinda choyeretsa chimatsimikiziranso kupanga zinthu molondola ndikuchepetsa kulephera kokhudzana ndi fumbi.
Ukadaulo wa zipinda zoyera umagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu zamankhwala ankhondo, kafukufuku wasayansi, ndi madera ena kuti zitsimikizire kulondola ndi chitetezo cha zida ndi zoyesera pansi pa mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, miyezo ndi zida zoyera zikusinthidwa nthawi zonse, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo mu usilikali kukukulirakulira.
Pakupanga ndi kukonza zida za nyukiliya, malo oyera amaletsa kufalikira kwa zinthu zowononga mphamvu ya nyukiliya komanso kuonetsetsa kuti zinthuzo ndi zotetezeka. Kusamalira zida zamagetsi: M'malo omenyera nkhondo, chipinda chotsukira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga zida zamagetsi, kuteteza fumbi ndi chinyezi kuti zisakhudze magwiridwe antchito ake. Kupanga zida zachipatala: Mu gawo lazachipatala lankhondo, chipinda chotsukira chimatsimikizira kuti zida zachipatala sizili zoyera komanso zimawonjezera chitetezo chake.
Mizinga yapakati pa dziko, monga gawo lofunika kwambiri la mphamvu zankhondo za dziko, magwiridwe antchito awo ndi kudalirika kwawo zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi chitetezo cha dziko ndi kuthekera koletsa. Chifukwa chake, kuwongolera ukhondo ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga ndi kupanga mizinga. Ukhondo wosakwanira ukhoza kupangitsa kuti zigawo za mizinga ziipire, zomwe zimakhudza kulondola kwawo, kukhazikika kwawo, komanso moyo wawo. Ukhondo wambiri ndi wofunikira kwambiri pazinthu zofunika monga injini za mizinga ndi machitidwe owongolera, kuonetsetsa kuti mizinga ikugwira ntchito bwino. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti mizinga yapakati pa dziko lapansi ndi yoyera, opanga amagwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zowongolera ukhondo, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito chipinda choyera, mipando yoyera, zovala zoyera, komanso kuyeretsa ndi kuyesa nthawi zonse malo opangira.
Chipinda chotsukira chimagawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ukhondo wawo, ndipo milingo yotsika imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa ukhondo. Magiredi wamba a chipinda chotsukira ndi awa: Chipinda chotsukira cha Gulu 100, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'malo omwe amafuna ukhondo wochuluka kwambiri, monga ma labotale achilengedwe. Chipinda chotsukira cha Gulu 1000, choyenera malo omwe amafuna kukonza zolakwika ndi kupanga molondola kwambiri panthawi yopanga zida zankhondo pakati pa dziko lapansi; Chipinda chotsukira cha Gulu 10000, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo opangira zomwe zimafuna ukhondo wochuluka, monga kusonkhanitsa zida za hydraulic kapena pneumatic. Chipinda chotsukira cha Gulu 10000, choyenera kupanga zida zolondola kwambiri.
Kupanga kwa ICBM kumafuna chipinda choyera cha Class 1000. Ukhondo wa mpweya ndi wofunikira kwambiri popanga ndi kupanga ma ICBM, makamaka panthawi yoyambitsa ndi kupanga zida zolondola kwambiri, monga kupanga laser ndi chip, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafuna malo oyera kwambiri a Class 10000 kapena Class 1000. Kupanga kwa ICBM kumafunanso zida zoyera, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, makamaka m'malo opangira mafuta amphamvu kwambiri, zinthu zophatikizika, komanso kupanga molondola. Choyamba, mafuta amphamvu kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma ICBM amaika zofunikira kwambiri pa malo oyera. Kupanga mafuta amphamvu kwambiri monga NEPE solid fuel (NEPE, chidule cha Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether Propellant), mafuta olimba odziwika bwino kwambiri okhala ndi mphamvu yeniyeni ya 2685 N·s/kg (yofanana ndi masekondi 274 odabwitsa). Chotsukira mpweya chosinthikachi chinayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 ndipo chinapangidwa mosamala ndi Hercules Corporation ku United States. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, chinatuluka ngati chotsukira chatsopano cha nitramine solid. Ndi mphamvu zake zapadera, yakhala chotenthetsera champhamvu kwambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.) imafuna kuwongolera mosamala ukhondo wa malo opangira zinthu kuti zinyalala zisakhudze magwiridwe antchito amafuta. Chipinda chotsukira chiyenera kukhala ndi makina oyeretsera mpweya komanso njira zochizira, kuphatikizapo hepa air (HEPA) ndi ultra-hepa air (ULPA), kuti chichotse tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timauluka, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi zinthu zovulaza. Mafani ndi makina oziziritsira mpweya ayenera kusunga kutentha koyenera, chinyezi, ndi kuyenda kwa mpweya kuti atsimikizire kuti mpweya wabwino ukukwaniritsa zofunikira pakupanga. Mtundu uwu wa mafuta umapereka zofunikira kwambiri pa kapangidwe ka mawonekedwe a tirigu (kapangidwe ka mawonekedwe a tirigu ndi vuto lalikulu pakupanga injini yolimba ya roketi, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito ndi kudalirika kwa injini. Jiometri ya tirigu ndi kusankha kukula kuyenera kuganizira zinthu zingapo, kuphatikiza nthawi yogwirira ntchito ya injini, kuthamanga kwa chipinda choyaka, ndi kuponderezedwa) ndi njira zoponyera. Malo oyera amatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa mafuta ndi chitetezo.
Kachiwiri, zipolopolo zophatikizika za zida zoponya mabomba pakati pa dziko zimafunikanso zida zoyera. Pamene zida zophatikizana monga ulusi wa kaboni ndi ulusi wa aramid zalukidwa mu chipolopolo cha injini, zida zapadera ndi njira zimafunika kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinthuzo ndi zopepuka. Malo oyera amachepetsa kuipitsidwa panthawi yopanga, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthuzo sizikukhudzidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yolondola yopangira zida zoponya mabomba pakati pa dziko imafunikanso zida zoyera. Malangizo, kulumikizana, ndi makina opopera mkati mwa zida zonse zimafunikira kupanga ndi kusonkhanitsa pamalo oyera kwambiri kuti fumbi ndi zinyalala zisakhudze magwiridwe antchito a dongosolo.
Mwachidule, zida zoyera ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga zida zoponyera mabomba pakati pa ma continental. Zimaonetsetsa kuti mafuta, zipangizo, ndi machitidwe ake zikugwira ntchito bwino komanso kuti zinthu zonse zikuyenda bwino, motero zimapangitsa kuti chida chonsecho chikhale chodalirika komanso chogwira ntchito bwino pankhondo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito malo oyeretsa kumapitirira kupanga zida zankhondo ndipo kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri m'magulu ankhondo, ndege, malo oyesera zinthu zachilengedwe, kupanga ma chip, kupanga ziwonetsero za flat-panels, ndi madera ena. Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo watsopano mu sayansi ya makompyuta, biology, ndi biochemistry, komanso chitukuko chachangu cha mafakitale apamwamba, makampani opanga malo oyeretsa padziko lonse lapansi agwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso kudziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale makampani opanga malo oyeretsa akukumana ndi zovuta, alinso ndi mwayi wodzaza ndi mwayi. Kupambana mumakampani awa kuli poyenderana ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo komanso kuyankha mwachangu kusintha kwa msika.
Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-25-2025