1. Kuchotsa tinthu ta fumbi m'chipinda choyera chopanda fumbi
Ntchito yaikulu ya chipinda choyera ndikuwongolera ukhondo, kutentha ndi chinyezi cha mlengalenga chomwe zinthu (monga silicon chips, ndi zina zotero) zimaonekera, kuti zinthuzo zipangidwe ndikupangidwa pamalo abwino. Malo awa timatcha malo oyera. Malinga ndi machitidwe apadziko lonse lapansi, mulingo wa ukhondo umatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono pa mita imodzi ya mpweya yokhala ndi mainchesi akulu kuposa muyezo wogawa. Mwanjira ina, chomwe chimatchedwa kuti chopanda fumbi sichili ndi fumbi 100%, koma chimawongoleredwa mu unit yaying'ono kwambiri. Zachidziwikire, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakwaniritsa muyezo wa fumbi mu muyezo uwu ndi tating'ono kwambiri poyerekeza ndi fumbi wamba lomwe timawona, koma pazida zowunikira, ngakhale fumbi laling'ono lidzakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri, kotero chopanda fumbi ndi chofunikira chosapeŵeka popanga zinthu zowunikira.
Kulamulira kuchuluka kwa tinthu ta fumbi tomwe tili ndi kukula kwakukulu kuposa kapena kofanana ndi ma microns 0.5 pa mita imodzi ya kiyubiki mpaka kuchepera 3520/mita ya kiyubiki kudzafika pa kalasi A ya muyezo wapadziko lonse wopanda fumbi. Muyezo wopanda fumbi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndi kukonza ma chip uli ndi zofunikira zambiri pa fumbi kuposa kalasi A, ndipo muyezo wapamwamba woterewu umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga ma chip ena apamwamba. Chiwerengero cha tinthu ta fumbi chimayendetsedwa mosamala pa 35,200 pa mita imodzi ya kiyubiki, yomwe imadziwika kuti kalasi B mumakampani oyeretsa zipinda.
2. Mitundu itatu ya zipinda zoyera
Chipinda choyera chopanda kanthu: chipinda choyera chomwe chamangidwa ndipo chingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Chili ndi ntchito zonse zofunika. Komabe, palibe zipangizo zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi ogwira ntchito pamalopo.
Chipinda choyeretsa chosasinthasintha: chipinda choyera chokhala ndi ntchito zonse, malo oyenera komanso kuyika, chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito malinga ndi malo kapena chikugwiritsidwa ntchito, koma palibe ogwiritsa ntchito pamalopo.
Chipinda choyera chosinthasintha: chipinda choyera chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachizolowezi, chokhala ndi ntchito zonse, zida ndi antchito; ngati pakufunika, ntchito yachizolowezi ikhoza kuchitika.
3. Zinthu zowongolera
(1). Ikhoza kuchotsa tinthu ta fumbi tomwe timayandama mumlengalenga.
(2). Zingalepheretse kupanga tinthu ta fumbi.
(3). Kulamulira kutentha ndi chinyezi.
(4). Kulamulira kuthamanga kwa magazi.
(5). Kuchotsa mpweya woipa.
(6). Kulimba kwa mpweya m'nyumba ndi m'zipinda.
(7). Kuletsa magetsi osasinthasintha.
(8). Kuletsa kusokonezeka kwa maginito.
(9). Kuganizira zinthu zodzitetezera.
(10). Kuganizira za kusunga mphamvu.
4. Kugawa magulu
Mtundu wa kayendedwe ka mphepo
Mpweya umalowa mchipinda choyera kuchokera m'bokosi loziziritsira mpweya kudzera mu payipi ya mpweya ndi fyuluta ya mpweya (HEPA) m'chipinda choyera, ndipo umabwezedwa kuchokera ku makoma ogawa kapena pansi okwera mbali zonse ziwiri za chipinda choyera. Mpweya suyenda molunjika koma umakhala ndi mawonekedwe osasinthasintha kapena ozungulira. Mtundu uwu ndi woyenera chipinda choyera cha kalasi 1,000-100,000.
Tanthauzo: Chipinda choyera chomwe mpweya umayenda mofulumira komanso mosafanana, limodzi ndi backflow kapena eddy current.
Mfundo: Zipinda zoyera zogwedezeka zimadalira mpweya wotuluka kuti zichepetse mpweya wamkati mosalekeza komanso kuti pang'onopang'ono zichepetse mpweya wodetsedwa kuti ukhale woyera (zipinda zoyera zogwedezeka nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa pamlingo waukhondo woposa 1,000 mpaka 300,000).
Zinthu Zake: Zipinda zoyera zodzaza ndi chisokonezo zimadalira mpweya wokwanira kuti zikwaniritse ukhondo ndi ukhondo. Chiwerengero cha kusintha kwa mpweya chimatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsa mu tanthauzo (kusintha kwa mpweya wokwanira, kuchuluka kwa ukhondo kumakwera)
(1) Nthawi yodziyeretsa: ikutanthauza nthawi imene chipinda choyera chimayamba kupereka mpweya ku chipinda choyera malinga ndi nambala yopangira mpweya ndipo kuchuluka kwa fumbi m'chipindamo kufika pamlingo wopangidwira wa ukhondo kalasi 1,000 ikuyembekezeka kukhala yosapitirira mphindi 20 (mphindi 15 ingagwiritsidwe ntchito powerengera) kalasi 10,000 ikuyembekezeka kukhala yosapitirira mphindi 30 (mphindi 25 ingagwiritsidwe ntchito powerengera) kalasi 100,000 ikuyembekezeka kukhala yosapitirira mphindi 40 (mphindi 30 ingagwiritsidwe ntchito powerengera)
(2) Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wopuma (kopangidwa motsatira zofunikira za nthawi yodziyeretsera yokha pamwambapa) kalasi 1,000: 43.5-55.3 nthawi/ola (muyezo: nthawi 50/ola) kalasi 10,000: 23.8-28.6 nthawi/ola (muyezo: nthawi 25/ola) kalasi 100,000: 14.4-19.2 nthawi/ola (muyezo: nthawi 15/ola)
Ubwino: kapangidwe kosavuta, mtengo wotsika womangira makina, chipinda choyera chosavuta kuchikulitsa, m'malo ena apadera, benchi loyera lopanda fumbi lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukweza mtundu wa chipinda choyera.
Zoyipa zake: tinthu ta fumbi tomwe timayambitsidwa ndi kugwedezeka kwa mpweya timayandama m'chipinda chamkati ndipo zimakhala zovuta kutulutsa, zomwe zimatha kuipitsa mosavuta zinthu zogwirira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati dongosololo layimitsidwa kenako nkuyamba kugwira ntchito, nthawi zambiri zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti ukhondo ukhale wofunikira.
Kuyenda kwa Laminar
Mpweya woyenda pansi pa laminar umayenda molunjika mofanana. Mpweya umalowa mchipindamo kudzera mu fyuluta yokhala ndi chiwopsezo cha 100% ndipo umabwezedwa kudzera pansi pamwamba kapena m'mabolodi ogawa mbali zonse ziwiri. Mtundu uwu ndi woyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo oyera okhala ndi magiredi apamwamba a zipinda zoyera, nthawi zambiri kalasi 1 mpaka 100. Pali mitundu iwiri:
(1) Kuyenda kwa laminar mopingasa: Mpweya wopingasa umatulutsidwa kuchokera mu fyuluta mbali imodzi ndikubwezedwa ndi makina obwerera a mpweya pakhoma lina. Fumbi limatuluka panja mopingasa ndi mpweya. Nthawi zambiri, kuipitsa kumakhala koopsa kwambiri kumbali ya pansi pa madzi.
Ubwino: Kapangidwe kake kosavuta, kakhoza kukhazikika pakapita nthawi yochepa ntchito itatha.
Zoyipa: Mtengo womanga ndi wokwera kuposa madzi oyenda movutikira, ndipo malo amkati si osavuta kukula.
(2) Kuyenda kwa laminar molunjika: Denga la chipindacho limakutidwa ndi zosefera za ULPA, ndipo mpweya umawulutsidwa kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, zomwe zingapangitse kuti pakhale ukhondo wabwino. Fumbi lopangidwa panthawiyi kapena ndi antchito limatha kutulutsidwa mwachangu panja popanda kukhudza malo ena ogwirira ntchito.
Ubwino: Kusavuta kuyendetsa bwino, kukhazikika kumatha kuchitika pakangopita nthawi yochepa ntchito itangoyamba, ndipo sikukhudzidwa mosavuta ndi momwe ntchitoyo ikuyendera kapena omwe akugwira ntchito.
Zoyipa: Mtengo wokwera womanga, malo ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta, zopachikira padenga zimakhala ndi malo ambiri, komanso zimakhala zovuta kukonza ndikusintha zosefera.
Mtundu wa gulu
Mtundu wophatikizana ndi kuphatikiza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa turbulent flow ndi mtundu wa laminar flow pamodzi, zomwe zingapereke mpweya woyera kwambiri wapafupi.
(1) Tunnel Yoyera: Gwiritsani ntchito zosefera za HEPA kapena ULPA kuti muphimbe 100% ya malo ogwirira ntchito kapena malo ogwirira ntchito kuti muwonjezere kuchuluka kwa ukhondo mpaka pamwamba pa Gulu 10, zomwe zingachepetse ndalama zoyikira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito.
Mtundu uwu umafuna kuti malo ogwirira ntchito a wogwiritsa ntchito atalikirane ndi malo ogwirira ntchito ndi makina kuti asakhudze ntchito ndi ubwino wake panthawi yokonza makina.
Ma ngalande oyera ali ndi ubwino wina awiri: A. Kusavuta kukula mosavuta; B. Kusamalira zida kumatha kuchitika mosavuta pamalo okonzera.
(2) Tchire Loyera: Lingani ndi kuyeretsa mzere wopangira wokha womwe madzi amadutsa, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ukhondo kufika pamwamba pa kalasi 100. Chifukwa chakuti chinthucho, wogwiritsa ntchito ndi malo opanga fumbi zimalekanitsidwa, mpweya wochepa ungapangitse ukhondo wabwino, womwe ungasunge mphamvu ndipo ndi woyenera kwambiri pa mizere yopangira yokha yomwe siifuna ntchito yamanja. Imagwira ntchito kumakampani opanga mankhwala, chakudya ndi semiconductor.
(3) Malo Oyera: Mulingo wa ukhondo wa malo opangira zinthu m'chipinda choyera chodzaza ndi mpweya wokhala ndi chipinda choyera cha 10,000 ~ 100,000 umawonjezeka kufika pa 10 ~ 1000 kapena kupitirira apo pa ntchito yopangira; mipando yoyera yogwirira ntchito, mashedi oyera, zipinda zoyera zokonzedwa kale, ndi zovala zoyera zili m'gululi.
Benchi yoyera: kalasi 1 ~ 100.
Chipinda choyera: Malo ang'onoang'ono ozunguliridwa ndi nsalu yapulasitiki yowonekera bwino yosasinthasintha m'chipinda choyera chogwedezeka, pogwiritsa ntchito HEPA kapena ULPA yodziyimira payokha komanso ma air conditioner kuti ikhale malo oyera apamwamba, okhala ndi mulingo wa 10 ~ 1000, kutalika kwa pafupifupi mamita 2.5, komanso malo ophimbira pafupifupi 10m2 kapena kuchepera. Ili ndi zipilala zinayi ndipo ili ndi mawilo osunthika kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mosavuta.
5. Kuyenda kwa Mpweya
Kufunika kwa Kuyenda kwa Mpweya
Ukhondo wa chipinda choyera nthawi zambiri umakhudzidwa ndi mpweya wotuluka. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuyenda ndi kufalikira kwa fumbi lopangidwa ndi anthu, zipinda zamakina, nyumba, ndi zina zotero zimayendetsedwa ndi mpweya wotuluka.
Chipinda choyera chimagwiritsa ntchito HEPA ndi ULPA kusefa mpweya, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kwa fumbi ndi kokwera kufika pa 99.97 ~ 99.99995%, kotero mpweya wosefedwa ndi fyuluta iyi unganenedwe kuti ndi woyera kwambiri. Komabe, kuwonjezera pa anthu, palinso magwero a fumbi monga makina m'chipinda choyera. Fumbi lopangidwali likafalikira, sizingatheke kusunga malo oyera, kotero mpweya uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa fumbi lopangidwa panja mwachangu.
Zinthu Zokhudza
Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimakhudza kayendedwe ka mpweya m'chipinda choyera, monga zida zogwirira ntchito, antchito, zipangizo zoyeretsera chipinda choyera, zida zowunikira, ndi zina zotero. Nthawi yomweyo, malo otsetsereka a mpweya pamwamba pa zida zopangira ayeneranso kuganiziridwa.
Malo osinthira mpweya pamwamba pa tebulo logwiritsira ntchito kapena zida zopangira ayenera kuyikidwa pa 2/3 ya mtunda pakati pa malo oyera a chipinda ndi bolodi logawa. Mwanjira imeneyi, pamene wogwiritsa ntchito akugwira ntchito, mpweya ukhoza kuyenda kuchokera mkati mwa malo oyendetsera ntchito kupita kumalo oyendetsera ntchito ndikuchotsa fumbi; ngati malo osinthira akonzedwa patsogolo pa malo oyendetsera ntchito, adzakhala malo osinthira mpweya osayenera. Panthawiyi, mpweya wambiri udzayenda kumbuyo kwa malo oyendetsera ntchito, ndipo fumbi loyambitsidwa ndi ntchito ya wogwiritsa ntchito lidzanyamulidwa kumbuyo kwa zida, ndipo benchi logwirira ntchito lidzakhala loipitsidwa, ndipo phindu lidzachepa mosakayikira.
Zopinga monga matebulo ogwirira ntchito m'zipinda zoyera zidzakhala ndi mafunde a eddy pa malo olumikizirana magetsi, ndipo ukhondo pafupi nawo udzakhala wochepa. Kuboola dzenje la mpweya wobwerera patebulo logwirira ntchito kudzachepetsa mafunde a eddy; ngati kusankha zipangizo zosonkhanitsira kuli koyenera komanso ngati kapangidwe ka zida ndi kabwino ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri ngati mpweya ukuyenda bwino.
6. Kapangidwe ka chipinda choyera
Kapangidwe ka chipinda choyera kamakhala ndi machitidwe otsatirawa (omwe palibe omwe ali ofunikira kwambiri mu mamolekyu a dongosolo), apo ayi sizingatheke kupanga chipinda choyera chokwanira komanso chapamwamba:
(1) Dongosolo la denga: kuphatikiza ndodo ya denga, I-beam kapena U-beam, gridi ya denga kapena chimango cha denga.
(2) Makina oziziritsira mpweya: kuphatikiza chipinda chopumulira mpweya, makina osefera, makina opumira mphepo, ndi zina zotero.
(3) Khoma logawika: kuphatikizapo mawindo ndi zitseko.
(4) Pansi: kuphatikizapo pansi yokwezeka kapena pansi yotsutsana ndi malo osasunthika.
(5) Zowunikira: Nyali yathyathyathya yoyeretsera ya LED.
Kapangidwe ka chipinda choyera nthawi zambiri kamapangidwa ndi zitsulo kapena simenti ya mafupa, koma mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wa kapangidwe kake, kayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira izi:
A. Palibe ming'alu yomwe idzachitike chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha ndi kugwedezeka;
B. Sikophweka kupanga tinthu ta fumbi, ndipo n'kovuta kuti tinthu timeneti tizilumikizane;
C. Kuchepa kwa hygroscopicity;
D. Kuti chinyezi chikhalebe bwino m'chipinda choyera, kutentha kuyenera kukhala kokwera kwambiri;
7. Kugawa m'magulu pogwiritsa ntchito
Chipinda choyera cha mafakitale
Kulamulira tinthu topanda moyo ndi chinthucho. Chimalamulira makamaka kuipitsa kwa tinthu ta fumbi la mpweya kupita ku chinthu chogwirira ntchito, ndipo mkati mwake nthawi zambiri mumakhala ndi mphamvu zabwino. Ndi yoyenera makampani opanga makina olondola, makampani a zamagetsi (ma semiconductors, ma integrated circuits, ndi zina zotero), makampani opanga ndege, makampani opanga mankhwala oyeretsa kwambiri, makampani opanga mphamvu za atomiki, makampani opanga zinthu zamagetsi ndi maginito (CD, mafilimu, matepi), LCD (galasi lamadzimadzi la kristalo), hard disk ya kompyuta, kupanga mutu wa kompyuta ndi mafakitale ena.
Chipinda choyera chachilengedwe
Makamaka amalamulira kuipitsa kwa tinthu tamoyo (mabakiteriya) ndi tinthu topanda moyo (fumbi) ku chinthu chogwirira ntchito. Ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri:
A. Chipinda choyera chachilengedwe: chimalamulira kwambiri kuipitsa kwa zinthu za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (mabakiteriya). Nthawi yomweyo, zinthu zake zamkati ziyenera kukhala zotha kupirira kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoyeretsera, ndipo mkati mwake nthawi zambiri zimatsimikizira kuti pali mphamvu yabwino. Kwenikweni, zinthu zamkati ziyenera kukhala zotha kupirira njira zosiyanasiyana zoyeretsera m'chipinda choyera cha mafakitale. Zitsanzo: makampani opanga mankhwala, zipatala (zipinda zogwirira ntchito, zipinda zosungiramo zinthu zoyera), chakudya, zodzoladzola, kupanga zakumwa, malo oyeretsera ziweto, malo oyeretsera thupi ndi mankhwala, malo oyeretsera magazi, ndi zina zotero.
B. Chitetezo cha zamoyo Chipinda choyera: chimawongolera makamaka kuipitsa tinthu tamoyo ta chinthu chogwirira ntchito kupita ku dziko lakunja ndi anthu. Kupanikizika kwamkati kuyenera kusungidwa koipa ndi mlengalenga. Zitsanzo: mabakiteriya, sayansi ya zamoyo, ma laboratories oyera, uinjiniya wa thupi (majini ophatikizana, kukonzekera katemera)
Nthawi yotumizira: Feb-07-2025